lymph nodes test 2

technique

inspect for edema, erythema, red streaks

palpate with finger pads for size consistency, mobility, borders, tenderness, warmth

NORMAL- smaller than 1 cm, easily moveable, smooth borders

ABNORMAL- enlarged, tender, moveable=inflammation, enlarged tender and firm=infection

REALLY ABNORMAL= unilateral, hard, asymmetric, fixed, and non-tender= malignancy

lymphedema

non-pitting swelling due to blocked lymph system

may occur due to surgery such as mastectomy

a and p female breast

three types of tissue

glandular

fibrous 

subcutaneous and retromammary fat

general health history and present health status 

breast self-exam 

clinical breast examination by a health care professional 

mammogram 

medications and vitamins 

general health and past medical history

chocolate and caffeine 

fibrocystic breast changes 

history of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, or colon cancer

surgery on breast 

onset of menarche and menopause 

pregnancy 

familial history of breast cancer or breast disease 

normal breast examination

color tone (pink to brown)

areola shape (oval to bilaterally similar

Montgomery’s tubercles (slightly raised bumps on areola)

hairs may be noted on areola

supernumerary nipples (mole along the milk line)

abnormal female breast examination

asymmetric

irregular shape

pigment changes

nipples pointing in different directions

retraction

crusting, bleeding discharge

-pagets disease

female breast examination

position for palpation, supine or with towel under shoulder

palpate breast for tissue characteristics

use finger pads of first two or three fingers to gently, firmly, systematically palpate all four quadrants of breast and the tail of spence

if masses are found, you must document well, including location, size, shape, consistency, tenderness, mobility, borders, and retractions

breast slef exam

teach women to examine breast each month (not around the time of menstruation)

start in front of a mirror and inspect

palpate breast in show with warm water and soap

lay on back with pillow under shoulder of breast being examined and palpate breasts

how to document

date symmetrical breast without lumps, discharge, redness, warmth, or tenderness noted

positioning for rectal exam

men- L side lying, knee to chest, feet inverted

women -lithotomy