apwh period 4 test practice quiz (copy)

"Mestizos were largely Hispanic in culture, but Spaniards looked down on them during much of the colonial era, regarding them as illegitimate, for many were not born of "proper" marriages. Despite this attitude, their growing numbers and the economic usefulness of their men as artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, and lower-level officials in both church and state bureaucracies led to their recognition as a distinct social group. Mestizas, women of mixed racial background, worked as domestic servants or in their husbands' shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars, in addition to performing domestic duties. A few became quite wealthy. An illiterate mestiza named Mencia Perez married successively two reasonably well-to-do Spanish men and upon their deaths took over their businesses, becoming in her own right a very rich woman by the 1590s. At that point no one would have referred to her as a mestiza. Particularly in Mexico, mestizo identity blurred the sense of sharp racial difference between Spanish and Indian peoples and became a major element in the identity of modern Mexico."

According to the passage, which characteristic contributed to the rise of mestizos as a

distinct class?

Their useful economic skills

"Mestizos were largely Hispanic in culture, but Spaniards looked down on them during much of the colonial era, regarding them as illegitimate, for many were not born of "proper" marriages. Despite this attitude, their growing numbers and the economic usefulness of their men as artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, and lower-level officials in both church and state bureaucracies led to their recognition as a distinct social group. Mestizas, women of mixed racial background, worked as domestic servants or in their husbands' shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars, in addition to performing domestic duties. A few became quite wealthy. An illiterate mestiza named Mencia Perez married successively two reasonably well-to-do Spanish men and upon their deaths took over their businesses, becoming in her own right a very rich woman by the 1590s. At that point no one would have referred to her as a mestiza. Particularly in Mexico, mestizo identity blurred the sense of sharp racial difference between Spanish and Indian peoples and became a major element in the identity of modern Mexico."

The story of Mencia Perez above shows

Mexicans were sometimes willing to ignore racial background

"Mestizos were largely Hispanic in culture, but Spaniards looked down on them during much of the colonial era, regarding them as illegitimate, for many were not born of "proper" marriages. Despite this attitude, their growing numbers and the economic usefulness of their men as artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, and lower-level officials in both church and state bureaucracies led to their recognition as a distinct social group. Mestizas, women of mixed racial background, worked as domestic servants or in their husbands' shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars, in addition to performing domestic duties. A few became quite wealthy. An illiterate mestiza named Mencia Perez married successively two reasonably well-to-do Spanish men and upon their deaths took over their businesses, becoming in her own right a very rich woman by the 1590s. At that point no one would have referred to her as a mestiza. Particularly in Mexico, mestizo identity blurred the sense of sharp racial difference between Spanish and Indian peoples and became a major element in the identity of modern Mexico."

Based on the passage, what is a conclusion that is valid?

Economic success could be more important than social pedigree in colonial Mexico.

"Mestizos were largely Hispanic in culture, but Spaniards looked down on them during much of the colonial era, regarding them as illegitimate, for many were not born of "proper" marriages. Despite this attitude, their growing numbers and the economic usefulness of their men as artisans, clerks, supervisors of labor gangs, and lower-level officials in both church and state bureaucracies led to their recognition as a distinct social group. Mestizas, women of mixed racial background, worked as domestic servants or in their husbands' shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars, in addition to performing domestic duties. A few became quite wealthy. An illiterate mestiza named Mencia Perez married successively two reasonably well-to-do Spanish men and upon their deaths took over their businesses, becoming in her own right a very rich woman by the 1590s. At that point no one would have referred to her as a mestiza. Particularly in Mexico, mestizo identity blurred the sense of sharp racial difference between Spanish and Indian peoples and became a major element in the identity of modern Mexico."

The experience of mestizos in colonial Mexico is MOST comparable to which of the

following?

The experience of Jews in early modern Europe.

What explains the motivation behind 17th century leaders agreeing

with the actions of Louis XIV?

Their support for the divine right of monarchs to rule

The economic consequences of Louis XIV's actions MOST directly reflects the influence of what?

The rise of mercantile policies

Which two nations opposed the growth of absolutism and of Louis XIV's power?

England and the Netherlands

Louis XIV used the palace of Versailles to entertain nobles as well as keep them close to him

and thus limit their power. Which other ruler similarly limited the nobility by requiring their

attendance at the national capital?

Tokugawa Ieyasu

The voyages that lead to the discovery of austrailia was by?

Captain james cook

captain cooks exploration resulted in the first european contact with which two places?

Australia and many Pacific islands

So huge is the wealth that has been taken out of [Potosi silver mine] since 1545, when it was discovered, up to the present year of 1628, that . . . 326,000,000 silver coins have been taken out.

This does not count the great amount of silver taken secretly from these mines to Spain, paying no 20 per cent tax or registry fee, and to other countries outside Spain, including the Philippines and China.

The document above provides evidence that:

Silver was important to Spain's economy during this period

So huge is the wealth that has been taken out of [Potosi silver mine] since 1545, when it was discovered, up to the present year of 1628, that . . . 326,000,000 silver coins have been taken out.

This does not count the great amount of silver taken secretly from these mines to Spain, paying no 20 per cent tax or registry fee, and to other countries outside Spain, including the Philippines and China.

What problem does the document refer to?

Theft and smuggling of silver

"By His Majesty's decree, all the court attendants . . . provincial service men, government officials of all ranks, military men, all the gosti, members of the wholesale merchants' guild, and members of the guilds purveying for our household must shave their beards and moustaches. But, if it happens that some of them do not wish to shave their beards and moustaches, let a yearly tax be collected from such persons; from court attendants...specials badges shall be issued to them from the Administrator of Land Affairs of Public Order...which they must wear...As for the peasants, let the toll of two half-copecks per beard be collected at the town gates each time they enter of leave a town; and do not let the peasants pass the town gates, into or out of

What BEST explains Peter the Great's actions in enforcing these new decrees for the Russian

people?

Peter's new determination to make Russia a modern power

What other action did Peter the great undertake to change Russia?

Constructing St. Petersburg as his “Window on the West”

What geographic challenge did Russia face during this period?

Distance from more advanced countries left Russia isolated

Peter the Great's reign exemplifies:

Top-down reform by enlightened despots

And later that day the emperor came to Fatehpur. There he used to spend much time in the Hall of Worship in the company of learned men and shaikhs and especially on Friday nights, when he would sit up there the whole night continually occupied in discussing questions of religion . . .

Learned monks also from Europe, who are called Padre . . . brought the Gospel, and advanced proofs for the Trinity. His Majesty firmly believed in the truth of the Christian religion, and wishing to spread the doctrines of Jesus, ordered Prince Murad to take a few lessons in Christianity . . .

His Majesty also called some of the yogis (Hindu holy men), and gave them at night private interviews, inquiring into abstract truths . . .

What remarkable quality of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great does the passage show?

His deep curiosity and open attitude about religion

And later that day the emperor came to Fatehpur. There he used to spend much time in the Hall of Worship in the company of learned men and shaikhs and especially on Friday nights, when he would sit up there the whole night continually occupied in discussing questions of religion . . .

Learned monks also from Europe, who are called Padre . . . brought the Gospel, and advanced proofs for the Trinity. His Majesty firmly believed in the truth of the Christian religion, and wishing to spread the doctrines of Jesus, ordered Prince Murad to take a few lessons in Christianity . . .

His Majesty also called some of the yogis (Hindu holy men), and gave them at night private interviews, inquiring into abstract truths . . .

Which of the following likely facilitated discussions like the one in the passage?

India's location near the center of major land and sea trade routes

What may have contributed to Akbar's views on religion?

The rich diversity of religious beliefs and practices found around his empire

What behavior by the French likely contributed to natives supporting them against the

British?

French respect for natives and their traditions

What practice by British colonists in North America likely angered native Americans?

The taking of native lands by colonial farmers

What contributed to hostilities between the French and British in North

America?

Rivalry between Catholicism and Protestantism

Pontiac's speech above was given after what significant loss by the French?

Defeat in the Seven Years' War

How did the Safavid Empire's religion and geographic location contribute to its identity?

Being sandwiched between two rival empires likely heightened its Shia identity

How does the history of this period influence the modern Middle East?

Continuing tension between Sunni and Shia

"No greater mischief can happen to a Christian people, than to have God's Word taken from them or falsified, so that they no longer have it pure and clear. The ungodly papists prefer the authority of the church far above God's Word; a blasphemy abominable and not to be endured; wherewith, void of all shame and piety, they spit in God's face.

Pope, cardinals, bishops, not a soul of them has read the Bible; 'tis a book unknown to them. They are a pack of guzzling, stuffing wretches, rich, wallowing in wealth and laziness, resting secure in their power, and never, for a moment, thinking of accomplishing God's will."

Luther's statement reflects his belief that

Salvation is by faith, so the intercession of the Church is unnecessary

The spread of Luther's beliefs caused which of the following changes in Europe

from 1450 to 1750?

An increase in literacy for both men and women throughout Europe

The Protestant Reformation helped pave the way for which of the following?

The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment

Why were Native Americans especially susceptible to diseases like smallpox?

Natives had no previous exposure and thus no immunity to smallpox

Battle at Metztitlan, Spanish conquistadors with their Tlaxcallan allies fighting against the Otomies of Metztitlan in present-day central Mexico, as shown in 16th-century codex

Events like those shown above resulted in:

The rapid conquest of vast territories by the conquistadors

What explains why some native tribes allied with the Spanish?

Weaker tribes resented domination by powerful tribes like the Aztecs

Why did horses provide the conquistadors a significant advantage?

Natives were totally unprepared for the speed and power of Spanish warhorses

What BEST explains the Tokugawa shogunate's motivation for "closing" Japan?

European trade and culture were a threat to the shogun's control of Japan

What supports Totman's argument that Tokugawa Japan was not really a "closed" society?

Trade with China and Korea was never banned

"I would speak now to the Christians and dare say, for example, to a Dominican Inquisitor, "My brother, you know that every province in Italy has its dialect, and people in Venice and Bergamo speak differently from those in Florence. The Academy della Crusca has standardized the language; its dictionary is an inescapable authority, and Buonmattei's grammar is an absolute and infallible guide; but do you believe that the head of the Academy and in his absence, Buonmattei, would have been able in all good conscience to cut out the tongues of all those from Venice and Bergamo who persisted in using their own dialect?"

The Inquisitor replies: "There is a great difference; here it's a question of your salvation. It's for your own good the Director of the Inquisition orders that you be seized on the testimony of a single person, no matter how infamous or criminal he may be; that you have no lawyer to defend you; that the very name of your accuser be unknown to you; that the Inquisitor promise you grace then condemn you; that you undergo five different degrees of torture and then be whipped or sent to the galleys, or ceremoniously burned at the stake..."

I would take the liberty of replying: "My brother, perhaps you are right: I am convinced that you wish me well, but couldn't I be saved without all of that?"

What practice of the Inquisition is Voltaire satirizing in this excerpt?

Imprisonment and torture without trial

"I would speak now to the Christians and dare say, for example, to a Dominican Inquisitor, "My brother, you know that every province in Italy has its dialect, and people in Venice and Bergamo speak differently from those in Florence. The Academy della Crusca has standardized the language; its dictionary is an inescapable authority, and Buonmattei's grammar is an absolute and infallible guide; but do you believe that the head of the Academy and in his absence, Buonmattei, would have been able in all good conscience to cut out the tongues of all those from Venice and Bergamo who persisted in using their own dialect?"

The Inquisitor replies: "There is a great difference; here it's a question of your salvation. It's for your own good the Director of the Inquisition orders that you be seized on the testimony of a single person, no matter how infamous or criminal he may be; that you have no lawyer to defend you; that the very name of your accuser be unknown to you; that the Inquisitor promise you grace then condemn you; that you undergo five different degrees of torture and then be whipped or sent to the galleys, or ceremoniously burned at the stake..."

I would take the liberty of replying: "My brother, perhaps you are right: I am convinced that you wish me well, but couldn't I be saved without all of that?"

What Enlightenment value is Voltaire defending?

Freedom of thought, speech, and religion