pharma 1-2

Pharmacology

the study of chemicals-drugs-on living

tissues and how those chemicals help diagnose, treat,

cure, and prevent disease or correct the pathophysiology

of living tissues.

pharmakon

greek word for drugs

logos

greek word for science

what are the sources of drugs

plants, minerals, animals

animals

they contain hormones that can be reclaimed and given to patients who need increased hormonal levels to maintain homeostasis

PLANTS

have medicinal qualities and have been used for

centuries as natural remedies for injuries and illnesses.

minerals

are inorganic crystal substances that are found naturally on earth.

give the 3 names of drug

chemical name, generic name, brand name

chemical name

identifies chemical elements and compounds that

are found in the drug.

generic name

it is the universally accepted name and considered the

official proprietary name for the drug.

generic name

name appears on all drug labels and is the official name listed in official sources such as the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR)

brand/trade name

This restricts the use of this name to that particular company.

Many brand names may exist for the same chemical compound.

Digitalis

Drug obtained from the leaves of the foxglove plant; used to treat congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias and to strengthen heart contractions.

premarin

Drug containing estrogen recovered from mare urine; used as hormonal therapy for menopausal symptoms.

Insulin as an Animal/Human Source Drug

is a hormonal drug used to regulate blood sugar in patients with diabetes mellitus and can be recovered from humans using DNA technology.

iron

Mineral used in supplements for iron deficiency; iron is part of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout the body.

Synthetic/Chemical Derivatives

Man-made drugs produced through chemical synthesis by rearranging chemical derivatives to create a new compound.

sulfonamides

Synthetic drugs used to treat infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and meningitis by preventing bacterial growth.

herbals

Non-woody plants with medicinal qualities; some are classified as dietary supplements rather than drugs.

herbal regulation

Unlike drugs regulated by the FDA, dietary supplements are not tested and regulated in the same way; purity and strength may vary.

herbal manufacturing

Lack of control over manufacturing can result in inconsistent strength and possible contamination.

herbal claims

Distributors cannot claim that an herbal product cures a disease; they may only describe its effect on the body.

herbal side effects

Herbals can cause unwanted side effects and may interact with prescription drugs.

herbal medication history

Healthcare providers should encourage patients to report all herbal preparations they use.

Prescription/Legend Drug

Drug that can only be obtained with a prescription from a licensed practitioner.

Durham-Humphrey Amendment

1952 amendment requiring certain drugs to be accessible only by prescription.

Drugs Commonly Requiring Prescription

Injectable drugs, hypnotics, narcotics, habit-forming drugs, drugs unsafe without professional supervision, and certain new drugs still being investigated.

hypnotic drug

Drugs that depress the nervous system.

nacrotics

Drugs that relieve pain, dull the senses, and induce sleep.

habit forming drugs

Drugs that can lead to dependence or habit formation.

OTC drugs

drugs available without prescription

Therapeutic Effect

Intended physiological effect or reason a drug is given.

Antibiotic Therapeutic Effect

Destruction of bacteria is an example of a therapeutic effect.

side effects

Physiological effect that is not the intended action of the drug.

Antihistamine Side Effect

Drowsiness is an example of a side effect.

adverse effect

Unwanted effect that can be harmful to the patient.

drug safety

Drugs undergo rigorous testing before being approved for human use.

acute toxicity

Dose that is lethal to 50% of laboratory animals tested.

Subchronic Toxicity Study

Usually involves daily drug administration for up to 90 days in at least two animal species

Chronic Toxicity Study

Usually lasts for the lifetime of the animal, depending on the intended duration of drug use in humans.

therapeutic index

Ratio between the median lethal dose and the median effective dose.

digoxin

Example of a drug with a narrow margin of safety that requires frequent plasma-level monitoring.

vitro studies

Laboratory test-tube studies used to determine drug metabolism and other effects in humans.

Phase I: Initial Pharmacological Evaluation

Drug is given to a small number of healthy volunteers to determine safe dosage levels, toxicity, tolerated dose, and pharmacokinetics.

Phase II: Limited Controlled Evaluation

Drug is tested in people with the targeted disease to evaluate effectiveness, side effects, and optimal dose-response range.

Phase III: Extended Clinical Evaluation

Involves many physicians and large groups of participants to gather enough information to justify continued use.

Phase IV: Post-Marketing Follow-Up

Studies conducted after FDA approval to continue monitoring the drug.

Category A

Adequate and well-controlled studies show no risk to the fetus during the first trimester or later.

category b

Animal reproduction studies show no fetal risk, but adequate controlled studies in pregnant women are unavailable.

category c

Animal reproduction studies have reported adverse effects on the fetus, however there are no well-controlled studies in humans but potential benefits may indi cate use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks

category d

Positive human fetal risk has been reported from investigational or

marketing experience, or human studies. Considering potential benefit

versus risk may, in selected cases, warrant the use of these drugs in

pregnant women.

category x

Fetal abnormalities reported and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and/or human studies. The risks involved clearly outweigh the potential benefits. These drugs should not be used in pregnant women

drug order

Instruction from a healthcare provider to give medication to a patient.