Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Human Anatomy

study of structure of human body

Human Physiology

study of body’s function

Cell

-the cell is the smallest unit of life

-cells are the smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life

-all organism are composed of cells

-all cell are come from pre-existing cells

Metabolism

-all living things rely on chemical process

-the sum of all chemical reactions in the body that maintain homeostasis and support life processes

Chemical

substances with unique molecular composition that are used in or produced by chemical reaction

Anabolic

chemical reaction that build up molecule

Catabolic

chemical reaction that break down molecule

Growth

when anabolism outweigh catabolism process

Physical

Growth may lead to an increase on the (—-) size of a cell

Number

Growth may lead to an increase in the (—) of cells (mitosis) ←—multicellular organism

Excretion

- elimination of potentially harmful (toxic) waste - metabolism result in waste

Responsive

-sensing and reacting to changes or stimuli in the environment

- organism and cellular responses

Movement

- all living organism use movement

- Entire organism move(dog)

- individual cells move(bacteria) within organism

-material move within or between cells of organism

Motility

ability to move itself

Reproduction

two forms in a multicellular organisms :

• individual cell reproduce (mitosis) during growth and to replace damage or old cells

• organism itself reproduces; yield similar offspring

Structural level of organization

the body is constructed from series of progressively larger “building blocks” each type is called

Chemical Level

• group of atom form molecules

• it is the smallest level: foundation for each successive level

Cell Level

• basic unit of life

• groups of many different type of molecules combine in specific ways to form cellular structure

• single cellular organism are the smallest form of life

Tissue Level

• two or more cell types cooperate to perform common functions

Tissues

consist of two components; cells and surrounding extracellular matrix

Four primary type of tissues

• epithelial tissue

• connective tissue

• muscular tissue

• nervous tissue

Organ Level

two or more tissue types combine to form organs

• can be recognize by shape

• performs specialized task

Organ System Level

organs grouped into an organ system

• two or more organs together carry out broad functions

• human have 11 organ system

• organs and organ system work together to ensure the survival of the organism

Integumentary System

protects the body from the external environment, maintain body temperature

• skin

• nails

• hair

Skeletal System

Support the body, protects internal organ, provides leverage for movement. produces blood cells, store calcium salts

• bones

• joints

Muscular System

Produces movement, control body opening, generate heat

• skeletal muscle

Nervous System

Regulates body functions, provides sensation, movement, automatic functions and mental function

• nerve

• spinal chord

• brain

Endocrine System

Regulate body functions and functions of muscles, glands, and tissue using hormones

• Pineal Gland

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary Gland

• Thyroid Gland

• Thymus Gland

• Adrenal Gland

• Pancreas

Cardiovascular System

Pumps and deliver blood (carries oxygen, nutrients, waste and other substance

• blood vessel

• heart

Lymphatic System

Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and provides immunity

• tonsil

• lymph nodes

• thymus

• spleen

• lymphatic vessels

Respiratory System

Delivers oxygen to the blood, remove carbon dioxide, maintain acid/base (pH) balance in blood

• nasal cavity

• Pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• lungs

Digestive System

Digest food, absorbs nutrients into the blood, removes food waste and regulated fluid, electrolyte and pH balance

• mouth

• salivary gland

• esophagus

• liver

• stomach

• gallbladder

• pancreas

• large intestine

• small intestine

Urinary System

Removes waste from the metabolic waste from the blood, regulate fluids, electrolytes and pH balance, and stimulate blood cell production

• kidney

• ureters

• urinary bladder

• urethra

Reproductive System

Used for sexual reproduction

• male produces and transport sperm, secretes hormones

• prostate gland

• testes

• penis

• female produces and transport oocytes, secrete hormones site of fetal development, fetal nourishment and lactation

• mammary gland

• ovary

• uterus

• vagina

Organism Level

organ systems function together to make up the working human body, on organism

Systematic Anatomy

Body studied system by system

• reproductive

• respiratory

• digestive

• nervous

Regional Anatomy

divides body into region of study

• abdominal

• pubic

• thoracic

• umbilical

• lumbar

• sacral

Gross Anatomy

examining structures that can be seen by the unaided eye

• brain

Microscopy Anatomy

studies structures that can only be seen with the aid of microscope, specialized in histology and cytology

Histology

study of tissues

Cytology

study of cells

Surface Anatomy (external gross anatomy)

studies surface marking of the body

• nipple

• sternum

• pectoralis majors

• body

Physiology

has subfield that are classified by the organs or organ system

• neurophysiology- study brain and nerve

• cardiophysiology- study heart and blood vessels

• study level of organization such as chemical and cellular process

Anatomical position

reflects the body standing upright; feet are shoulder-width apart; upper limbs at sides of trunk; head and palms facing forward.
i. “Right” and “left” always refer to the right and left sides of the body being described (the patient), not our own.

Anterior (ventral)

refers to the front, in humans

Posterior (dorsal)

refers to the back

Superior (cranial)

means toward the head

Inferior (caudal)

refers toward the tail

Proximal

refers to something being close to point of origin

Distal

refers to being (distant) from from of origin

• shoulder to to wrist is distal

Medial

refers to a position that is closer to the midline

• out to in

• middle top to bottom pubic-navel-sternum

Lateral

refers to a position that is further from the midlline

• mid to out

Superficial

refers to structures that are closer to the surface of the body

• closer to skin

Deep

refers to those further away from the surface of the body

• basta malalim

Axial Region

include head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Region

includes appendages, upper and lower limbs

Sagittal Plane

divides parts into right and left sections include two variations

• left to right scan

• midsagittal plane

• parasagittal plane

Midsagittal Plane (median plane)

divides into equal left and right section

Parasagittal Plane

divides into unequal right and left sections

-any sagittal that does not run perfectly down the midline of the body

Frontal Plane (coronal plane)

divides into anterior and posterior sections

-front to rear scan

Transverse Plane (horizontal plane)

• top to bottom scan

• divides axial region into superior and inferior sections

• divides appendicular region into proximal and distal sections

Oblique Plane

a less standardized plane, is taken at an angle and is useful for examining structures that are difficult to examine using only the three primary planes of section

Axial Region

divided into several cavities. The cavities protect the internal organ and allow them to move and expand as necessary to perform their function

Cavity

any fluid-filled space within the body

Posterior Cavity

located on the dorsal side of the body, two cavity found are cranial and vertebral cavity

Cranial Cavity

located within the skull, protects the brain

Vertebral (spinal) Cavity

located with the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord

Cerebrospinal Fluid

dorsal cavities are filled with

• bathes and protects both brain and spinal cord

Anterior (ventral)

body cavity separated into two division by the diaphragm

Thoracic Cavity

superior to the diaphragm and divided to three smaller cavities

• pleural

• mediastinum

• pericardial

Pleural Cavities

surround either the left or the right lung

Mediastinum

found between pleural cavities

Pericardial Cavity

found within the mediastinum, is within serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity

inferior to the diaphragm and contains organs from several system including the digestive, lymphatic, reproductive and urinary subdivided into:

• abdominal cavity

• pelvic cavity

Abdominal Cavity

spans from diaphragm to the bony pelvis

Pelvic Cavity

area within the bony pelvis

Serous Membrane

are formed by thin sheets of tissue that fold themselves to create a continuos double layer structure with space between their layers

• found in the ventral cavity and surround the heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs

Visceral Layer

of the serous membrane is in contact with the underlying organ
-under

Parietal Layer

the outermost layer of the serous membrane

-over

Serous Fluid

within cavity between two membrane layers;extremely thin layer of fluid

1. Watery, slippery lubricant

2. Fills space between membrane layers

3. Produced by cells of membrane

4. Prevents friction from movement of organs

Pleural Membrane

consist of outer parietal pleura and inner visceral pleura

Outer Parietal Pleura

line the inside contours of the thoracic

Inner Parietal Pleura

runs along the surface of the lungs

Pleural Cavities

thin space enclosed by the pleural membranes

Pericardium membranes

consist of outer parietal pericardium and inner visceral pericardium

Outer Parietal Pericardium

separates the heart from the mediastinum

Inner Visceral Pericardium

lies directly on the heart muscle

Pericardial Cavity

space created by the pericardial membranes

Peritoneal Membranes

surrounding some of the abdominal organs consist of outer parietal peritoneum and inner visceral peritoneum

Outer Parietal Peritoneum

attaches to the abdominal and pelvic walls

Inner visceral Peritoneum

wraps around the internal organs

Peritoneal Cavity

space between outer and inner peritoneum, its an extensive cavity that doesn’t cover every organ such as kidney and rectum

Retroperitoneal Organs

Kidneys and rectum lie outside of and behind the parietal peritoneum

Homeostasis

maintenance of internal environment

Homeostasis

variables are regulated, maintaining narrow range or a normal value

Homeostasis imbalance

disturbance on homeostasis that can lead to diseases or death if left uncorrected

Homeostasis core principle

• feedback loop

• relationship between structure and function

• gradients

• cell to cell communication

Negative Feedback Loops

• primary key mechanism that maintain homeostasis

• Oppose the initial change in a regulated variable and reduce the output

• bringing it back to the original set point

Set point (normal value)

regulated variable lead to series of event to return it to normal value

Stimulus

information from internal or external environmental changes