APWH CH 24 - Industrial West

age of revolution

period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution and ending with the Revolutions of 1848.

population revolution

huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.

proto-industrialization

preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.

American Revolution

rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.

French Revolution

overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon’s French Empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.

Louis XVI

Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.

guillotine

introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.

nationalism

political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other “isms”; urged importance of national unity; valued collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.

Napoleon Bonaparte

army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.

Congress of Vienna

met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.

conservative

political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19 th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church.

liberal

political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

radical

followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.

transformismo

political system in late 19 th -century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals.

socialism

political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.

Karl Marx

German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.

feminist movements

sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.

mass leisure culture

an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.

Triple Alliance

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.

Triple Entente

agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.