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Behavioral perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive (unhelpful) learned associations/conditioning.
Ex. fear is classically conditioned; bad event leads to fear
Ex. Reinforcement helps maintain phobias and compulsions
Psychodynamic perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood.
Humanistic perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one’s potential
Cognitive perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions.
Evolutionary perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by genetic mutations that cause behaviors and mental processes that may have once been adaptive, or may be adaptive in some circumstances, but not generally not adaptive today
Ex. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders may be effects of a genetic mutation that promotes creativity
Sociocultural perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics.
Biological perspective
says that mental disorders are caused by physiological or genetic issues
Ex. Imbalance of neurotransmitters or hormones
Ex. twin studies show genetic contribution to schizophrenia
Biopsychosocial model
assumes that psychological disorders involve a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Diathesis-stress model
assumes that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress).
Neurodevelopmental disorders
defined as beginning in childhood. Characterized by exhibiting behaviors inappropriate for a person's age or maturity range. Causes are environmental, physiological, and/or genetic.
Positive symptoms
addition of inappropriate cognitions or behaviors
Negative symptoms
absence of appropriate cognitions or behaviors
Delusions
false beliefs, often of grandeur (exaggerated sense of self-importance) or persecution (everyone is out to get me) +
Hallucinations
false perceptions (no sensory input), can involve multiple senses but most often hearing +
-Disorganized thinking or speech
Word salad
stringing words together in nonsensical ways +
Catatonia
disorganized movement
Stupor
lack of movement, -
Excitement
excessive, often repetitive movements, +
Flat effect
no emotional expression, -
Dopamine hypothesis
people with schizophrenia have high levels of dopamine
