introduction lab

Human Anatomy

Study of the parts of the human body and their relationship to one another.

Physiology

Study of the way these parts accomplish their functions.

Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)

Study of the parts of the body as seen by the naked senses like the eye or natural vision.

Histology (Microscopic Anatomy)

Study of the minute structures that can only be seen with the aid of lenses (microscopes).

Embryology (Developmental Anatomy)

Study of the origin, growth, and development of an organism from conception until birth, or from the one-cell stage to the complex human being.

Neuroanatomy

Study of the nervous system.

Divisions of Human Anatomy

1. Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy) 2. Histology (Microscopic Anatomy) 3. Embryology (Developmental Anatomy) 4. Neuroanatomy

Superior (Cranial)

Nearer the head; higher; above.

Inferior (Caudal)

Farther from the head; lower; below.

Anterior (Ventral)

Nearer the front or belly side of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Nearer the back.

Medial

Nearer the midline of the body.

Lateral

Farther from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Nearer the point of origin of a part.

Distal

Farther from the point of origin of a part.

Internal

Closer to the central axis of the body.

External

Farther from the central axis of the body.

Superficial

Nearer the surface of the body.

Deep

Farther away from the surface of the body.

Somatic (Parietal)

Refers to the walls of a cavity.

Visceral

Refers to the organs within the cavity.

Supine

The body is lying face upwards.

Prone

The body is lying face downwards.

Left

Toward the right side of the body.

Right

Toward the left side of the body.

Ipsilateral

Refers to the same side of the body.

Contralateral

Refers to the opposite side of the body.

Descriptive Terms Related to Position

1. Superior (Cranial) 2. Inferior (Caudal) 3. Anterior (Ventral) 4. Posterior (Dorsal) 5. Medial 6. Lateral 7. Proximal 8. Distal 9. Internal 10. External 11. Superficial 12. Deep 13. Somatic (Parietal) 14. Visceral 15. Supine 16. Prone 17. Left 18. Right 19. Ipsilateral 20. Contralateral

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

Lateral Extension

Moving a body part outward or away from the midline of the body.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline.

Circumduction

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Protraction (Protrusion)

Forward movement.

Retraction (Retrusion)

Posterior movement.

Elevation

Movement in a superior direction.

Depression

Movement in an inferior direction.

Inversion

Turning the sole toward the midline of the body.

Eversion

Turning the sole away from the midline.

Descriptive Terms Related to Movement

1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Lateral Extension 4. Abduction 5. Adduction 6. Circumduction 7. Protraction (Protrusion) 8. Retraction (Retrusion) 9. Elevation 10. Depression 11. Inversion 12. Eversion

Four Basic Reference Systems

1. Direction 2. Fundamental Planes 3. Cavities 4. Structural Units

Anatomic Position

A standard position to which description of any part of the body is referred.

Characteristics of the Anatomic Position

1. Body is standing erect facing the observer. 2. Arms are hanging at the sides. 3. Palms are facing forward or anteriorly. 4. Thumbs are pointing to the sides or laterally. 5. Feet are together and flat on the ground.

Sagittal Plane

Vertical line dividing the body into right and left sides.

Midsagittal (Median or Midline) Plane

Vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into front and back parts.

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Fundamental Planes

1. Sagittal Plane 2. Midsagittal (Median or Midline) Plane 3. Frontal (Coronal) Plane 4. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Dorsal Cavity

Contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity.

Ventral Cavity

Contains the orbital, nasal, oral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.

Cranial Cavity

Contains the brain.

Spinal Cavity

Contains the spinal cord.

Orbital Cavity

Contains the eyes.

Nasal Cavity

Contains the nose.

Oral Cavity

Contains the mouth.

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the pleural and pericardial cavities.

Pleural Cavity

Contains the lungs.

Pericardial Cavity

Contains the heart.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the abdominal cavity proper and pelvic cavity.

Abdominal Cavity Proper

Part of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Pelvic Cavity

Part of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Cavities

1. Dorsal Cavity 2. Cranial Cavity 3. Spinal Cavity 4. Ventral Cavity 5. Orbital Cavity 6. Nasal Cavity 7. Oral Cavity 8. Thoracic Cavity 9. Pleural Cavity 10. Pericardial Cavity 11. Abdominopelvic Cavity 12. Abdominal Cavity Proper 13. Pelvic Cavity

Cell

Fundamental unit of structure of all living things.

Tissue

Collection of similar cells having the same functions.

Organ

Group of fundamental tissues bound together in the performance of a given function.

System

Group of organs similar in origin and structure, united together in the performance of a given function.

Structural Units

1. Cell 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. System

Methods of Study

1. Regional Approach 2. Systemic Approach 3. Surface Anatomy 4. Anatomical Imaging