APUSH Unit 4 Key Terms

Jacksonian Democracy

Jacksonian Democracy

The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man"

Era of Good Feelings

a period in the political history of the United States that reflected rising nationalism in America after between 1817-1825. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and an end to the disputes between it and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party during the First Party System.

Louisiana Purchase

a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States, 1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region.

Tripolitan War

two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea.

Embargo Act of 1807

a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men.

Corrupt Bargain

alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor.

Tariff of Abominations

a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that as the fairer sex, women occupied a unique and specific position and that they were to provide religious and moral instruction in the homes but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society.

Compromise Tariff

provided for the gradual reduction of duties to the revenue level of 20 percent. The Force Bill, enacted at the request of President Jackson, authorized the use of military force, if necessary, to put down nullification in South Carolina.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to travel from North Carolina and Georgia through more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to Oklahoma More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Annexation of Texas

a series of events that led to Texas joining the United States as the 28th state in the Union on December 29, 1845.

Panic of 1837

a severe financial crisis that struck the United States in 1837 and lasted for several years. It was caused by a combination of factors, including falling demand for cotton, the primary export of the United States, which led to a decline in land values and an economic recession.

Spoils System

A practice in which a political party, after winning an election gives government civil service jobs to its supporters as a repayment for supporting them and as inventive to continue to do so.

Jacksonian Democrats

Andrew Jackson and his supporters.

Force Act

an act passed by Congress in 1833 that gave President Andrew Jackson the authority to use the military to collect customs duties in South Carolina.

South Carolina Nullification

a political dispute between the Federal Government and the government of South Carolina over tariffs that were designed to protect manufacturers in the Northern states who were competing with British manufacturers.

War of 1812

a military conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. The war was sparked by a variety of issues, including British interference with American trade and the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy.

Treaty of Ghent

the peace treaty that ended the war between the US and the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely established the status quo ante bellum, or same situation before the war.

Panic of 1819

the start of a two-year depression caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the second Bank of the United States.

Henry Clay

an important politician in the 18th and 19th centuries. He served as a senator from Kentucky and as Speaker of the House of Representatives. He also ran for president three times but never won. However, he did serve as Secretary of State for John Quincy Adams.

American System

a federal economic policy proposed in the early 19th century aimed at promoting economic growth and development in the United States. The policy included three main components — infrastructure improvements, protective tariffs, and a strong national bank.

Missouri Compromise

An Act to authorize the people of the Missouri territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, and to prohibit slavery in certain territories.

Adams-Onis Treaty

an agreement between the United States of America and Spain that ceded Florida to the United States. It also allowed the United States to span the continent, from the East Coast to the West Coast. John Quincy Adams negotiated the critical treaty with Spain.

Monroe Doctrine

a policy set forth by President James Monroe indicating that further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act.

Marbury v. Madison

This case resulted in the landmark decision that established the authority of American courts to overturn laws and invalidate government actions that violate the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland

This court case resulted in the decision that established the supremacy of the Constitution, the expansion of Congress' powers beyond those enumerated, and the inferior status of state laws in relation to federal laws.

Whigs

originally colonists supporting independence. In the mid 1830s, the _____ Party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies. The ____ promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

Marshall Court

laid the foundations for many key areas of American law. Its major decisions addressed issues such as the powers of Congress, property rights, and relations with the Native American tribes. For example, the principle of tribal sovereignty built on an 1832 decision striking down a Georgia law.

Cumberland Road

the first major improved highway in the United States to be built by the federal government. The approximately 620-mile (1,000 km) long National Road provided a connection between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and a gateway to the West for thousands of settlers.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

B & O Railroad

First American railroad; finished in 1830; only thirteen miles long, but still significant because of what it was the start of. Panic of 1857.

King Cotton

Term used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton.

Market Revolution

marked Americans moving away from self-sufficient agriculture to production of goods for sale. Entrepreneurs played a key role in driving this economic transformation. Many of them embraced new technologies and business models, and they sought out new markets and opportunities for expansion.

Lowell System

was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods.

Steel Plow

an invention by John Deere that ensured that raising wheat would remain the main economic activity in the Midwestern prairies. It halved the labor to clear acres which allowed settlement to spread rapidly.

Second Great Awakening

a religious revival movement that occurred in the United States in the early 19th century.

Romanticism

an movement in American (and European) art, literature, philosophy, politics and economics, reformers argued that individuals should strive to give full expression to their inner spirit, experience joy and to do good, liberation of human spirit. early 19th century.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women

begins by asserting the equality of all men and women and reiterates that both genders are endowed with unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It argues that women are oppressed by the government and the patriarchal society of which they are a part.

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women.

Susan B Anthony

an American social reformer who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Significance: She was devoted to gender equality and spent her life working for women's right to vote in the United States.

Sojourner Truth

a freed slave who lived in America during the late 1800's. She was also known as Isabella. From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. She was also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.

Abolition

the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves. This was generally considered radical, and there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War.

Nat Turner

an enslaved Baptist preacher who believed he had been chosen by God to lead his people to freedom, launched the deadliest slave revolt in 1831. Turner and a small group of followers launched the rebellion on August 21, 1831, by killing the family of his owner.

Slave Codes

laws passed by southern slaves to keep slaves from either running away or rebelling. these laws forbade slaves to gather in groups of three of more. they couldn't leave their owner's land without a written pass. slaves were not allowed to own a gun.

1808 International Slave Trade ban

Thomas Jefferson had signed a bill that prohibited the importation of of slaves into the United States on March 3, 1807, which went into effect on January 1, 1808, and the British House of Lords passed an act that abolished the slave trade in Britain.

Amistad

Spanish slave ship, seized by revolting African slaves, that led to a dramatic U.S. Supreme court case that freed the slaves on the ship.

Haiti Revolution

a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic of Haiti.

Gag Rule

prohibit discussions and debates of the anti-slavery petitions in the house of representatives

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Eli Whitney. An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.