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Aphasia

Acquired communication disorder caused by brain damage that impairs a person's ability to understand

Anomia

Word finding difficulties. Hallmark sign of aphasia

Agrammatism

A language disorder characterized by difficulty producing grammatically correct sentences ("telegraphic speech").

Paraphasia

Type of a language output error commonly associated with aphasia; characterized by the production of unintended syllables

Semantic Paraphasia

A word that is semantically related to the target

Phonemic Paraphasia

A word that is phonemically related to the target

Neologism Paraphasia

Not semantically or phonemically related

Mixed Aphasia

Both phonemic and semantic errors

Stereotypic Utterance "Stereotypy"

A non propositional utterance characterized by repetition of a word

Perseveration

Involuntary and inappropriate repetition of a word

Neologism

A made-up word; invented word that may sound like a real word but does not have a meeting

Jargon

Meaningless or nonsensical language

Circumlocution

Using an excessive number of words or phrases to describe something

Paragrammatism

A speech distrurbance characterized by the misuse of grammatical structures

Confrontation Naming

Individuals name pictured objects or actions

Generative Naming

Also referred as word fluency naming; the use of strategies such as subclassifications of word categories for guiding the search and working memory

Cerebral Perfusion

Refers to the blood flow at the level of the capillaries

Ischemic Stroke

Loss of blood circulation to parts of the brain through blood clot in artery with infarction

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Hemorrhage of blood into or surrounding the brain

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

"Mini stroke

Thrombotic

Artery is slowly occluded at a fixed location

Embolic

Artery is suddenly occluded by material moving through blood stream

Diaschisis

Brain function is disruption in regions away from the site of injury

Edema

Brain swelling around the lesion

Atherosclerosis

Thickening of the arterial wall

Stenosis

Narrowing

Aneurysm

Weakening and bulging of part of a vessel wall

Malignant

Cancerous

Metastatic

Originate in another part of the body

Meningiomas

Tumors within the meninges

Dementia

An acquired neurological syndrome associated with persistent or progression deterioration in intellectual functions

Primary Progressive Aphasia

Deterioration of the areas of the brain responsible for language

Anosognosia

Awareness of impairment

Broca's Aphasia

1. Non-fluent
2. Good auditory comprehension
3. Poor repetition

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

1. Non-fluent
2. Poor auditory comprehension
3. Good repetition

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

1. Non-fluent
2. Good auditory comprehension
3. Good repetition

Global Aphasia

1. Non-fluent
2. Poor auditory comprehension
3. Poor repetition

Wernicke's Aphasia

1. Fluent
2. Poor auditory comprehension
3. Poor repetition

Conduction Aphasia

1. Fluent
2. Good auditory comprehension
3. Poor repetition*

Anomic Aphasia

1. Fluent
2. Good auditory comprehension
3. Good repetition

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

1. Fluent
2. Poor comprehension
3. Good repetition

Broca's Aphasia

-Nonfluent
-Effortful and halting speech
-Telegraphic and agrammatism
-short phrases and poor prosody
-Preserved comprehension
-Impaired repetition
-Absent of words and phonemic paraphasias
-Left inferior frontal gyrus

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

-Nonfluent
-Impaired initiation of verbal output
-Short and incomplete sentences
-Grammatical words
-Less articulatory effort
-Good auditory comprehension
-Good repetition
-Occasional errors

• Anterior or superior to Broca's area

Global Aphasia

-Nonfluent
-Severely limited or absent verbal output
-Stereotypies common
-Automatic speech
-Poor auditory comprehension
-Poor repetition
-Profound anomia
-Large perisylvian area

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

-Nonfluent
-Stereotypic utterances or automatic phrases
-Echolalia
-Auditory comprehension impaired
-Repetition relatively preserved but impaired
-Anterior and posterior border zone cortical areas of the left hemisphere

Wernicke's Aphasia

-Fluent
-Good prosody and articulation
-Empty or meaningless phrases and words
-Fluid-sounding jargon
-Rapid speech (logorrhea)
-Poor awareness of errors (anosognosia)
-Poor auditory comprehension
-Poor repetition
-Neologisms

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

-Fluent
-Good articulation

Conduction Aphasia

-Fluent
-Good grammar and prosody
-self-corrections
-Flow interrupted by word-finding errors
-Good auditory comprehension
-Poor repetition
-Phonemic paraphasias common
-Repeated attempts are closer to target
-Circumlocutions
-Arcuate Fasciculus or supra marginal gyrus/parietal lobe

Anomic Aphasia

-Fluent
-Good grammar

Subcortical Aphasia (Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule)

-Reduced fluency and prosody
-Comprehension and repetition observed
-Motor deficits may be present
-Anomia

Subcortical Aphasia (Thalamus)

-Variable fluency (fluent or nonfluent) and auditory comprehension
-Repetition is often observed
-Lexical-semantic deficits

Subcortical Aphasia (Cerebellar Lesions)

-Rare and not actually subcortical
-Difficulties in word retrieval