Stage 2 Cross-Country & PA-28-181 Systems Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering FAA regulations (§ 91), airspace requirements, weather types, Piper PA-28-181 specific aircraft systems, and V-speeds.

NWKRAFT

An acronym for preflight action required under § 91.103: NOTAMs, weather, fuel, known delays, runway lengths, and takeoff/landing data.

VFR Fuel Requirements (§ 91.151)

Enough fuel to fly to the first intended point of landing and then for an additional $30\text{ minutes}$ during the day or $45\text{ minutes}$ at night.

VFR Cruising Altitudes (§ 91.159)

The $180^\text{o}$ rule based on magnetic course applicable when operating above $3,000\text{ ft AGL}$.

Aircraft Speed Restrictions (§ 91.117)

Maximum speed of $250\text{ knots}$ below $10,000\text{ ft MSL}$ and $200\text{ knots}$ under Class B or in Class C/D surface areas.

TOMATO FLAMES / FLAPS

Acronyms representing the required VFR day and night instrument and equipment requirements according to § 91.205.

Class B Airspace VFR Minimums

$3\text{ SM}$ visibility and Remaining Clear of Clouds.

Class C and D VFR Minimums

$3\text{ SM}$ visibility and cloud distances of $500\text{ ft}$ below, $1,000\text{ ft}$ above, and $2,000\text{ ft}$ horizontal.

Low Clouds

Clouds ranging from the surface to $6,500\text{ ft AGL}$, including Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Cumulus; hazards include low ceilings and structural icing.

Middle Clouds

Clouds between $6,500\text{ ft}$ and $20,000\text{ ft AGL}$, such as Altostratus and Altocumulus; Altostratus can indicate widespread icing.

High Clouds

Clouds above $20,000\text{ ft AGL}$ like Cirrus, Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus, primarily composed of ice crystals.

Vertical Development Clouds

Towering Cumulus and Cumulonimbus clouds which present extreme hazards like microbursts, lightning, and severe turbulence.

Lycoming IO-360-B4A

The engine model for the PA-28-181; a four-cylinder, direct-drive, horizontally opposed, fuel-injected engine rated at $180\text{ HP}$ at $2700\text{ RPM}$.

PA-28-181 Oil System Capacity

A maximum capacity of $8\text{ quarts}$ with a minimum safe operating quantity of $2\text{ quarts}$.

Sensenich 76EM8S14-0-62

The fixed-pitch propeller model equipped on the aircraft with a diameter of $76\text{ inches}$.

Fuel System Capacity

$50\text{ U.S. gallons}$ total, with $48\text{ gallons}$ usable and $17\text{ gallons}$ usable per tank when filled to the indicator tabs.

Fuel Return System

A system that routes unused excess fuel from the injector servo back to the selected tank via a modified fuel selector valve.

PA-28-181 Electrical System

A $28\text{V}$ system featuring a $24\text{V}$ primary battery and a $70\text{A}$, $28\text{V}$ engine-driven alternator.

Voltage Regulator

A solid-state device that maintains bus voltage at $28\text{V}$ and removes the alternator from the circuit if output exceeds $32\text{V}$.

Landing Gear Strut Extension

Normal static extension is $3.25\text{ inches}$ for the nose gear and $4.50\text{ inches}$ for the main gear.

Stabilator

An all-movable slab-type horizontal tail featuring an anti-servo/trim tab on the trailing edge.

Garmin G5 Standby Instrument

A backup instrument that lasts $30\text{ minutes}$ on the essential bus and up to $4\text{ hours}$ on internal battery; heading is lost on internal battery.

GNX 375

A panel-mounted GPS Navigator and Mode S transponder required for IFR GPS course guidance.

$$V_{so}$$

$45\text{ KIAS}$; stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (40° flaps).

$$V_{s1}$$

$50\text{ KIAS}$; stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed with 0° flaps.

$$V_x$$

$64\text{ KIAS}$; best angle-of-climb speed.

$$V_y$$

$76\text{ KIAS}$; best rate-of-climb speed.

$$V_g$$

$76\text{ KIAS}$; power-off glide speed at $2550\text{ lbs}$ with 0° flaps.

$$V_{fe}$$

$102\text{ KIAS}$; maximum flap extended speed.

$$V_o$$

$113\text{ KIAS}$; maximum operating maneuvering speed at $2550\text{ lbs}$.

$$V_{no}$$

$125\text{ KIAS}$; maximum structural cruising speed, only to be exceeded in smooth air.

$$V_{ne}$$

$154\text{ KIAS}$; never exceed speed.