mcb molestation

Molds

multicellular with masses of mycelium or hyphae

Yeast

unicellular and microscopic fungi, no hyphae. Growth is usually smooth, white or colorless and oval in shape

Free oxygen, pH (2-9), 10-35C, low moisture, moderate Aw

5 factors that help mold grow in samples

Serial dilution 

series of sequential dilutions to convert a dense solution into a more usable concentration

Preferred range and prevent dispersal of spores

why are fungi incubated in 25-30C in upright position

potato dextrose agar

agar for detection of fungi with added antibiotics

Dehydrated potato infusion

component of PDA that gives nutrient base w/ luxuriant fungal growth

Dextrose

carb source & growth stimulant in PDA

Agar

Solidifying agent in PDA

Chloramphenicol

Selective agent to inhibit bacterial growth

peptone water

used for dilution of sample in molds and yeast from food samples

Peptone

nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds in peptone water

Animal tissue

component in peptone water that is rich in tryptophan and ingredient of cultivation

Sodium chloride

electrolytes and osmotic balance component in peptone water

Spread Plating Techniques

isolation technique used to spread uniformly across the agar. This ensures uniform growth as supposed to pour plate 

10-150

mold count colonies

Wet mount technique

technique that suspends specimen in solution then covering with a coover slide. Obseravation without drying, inexpensive and accessible technique

Lactophenol Cotton Blue

used in wet mount preparation for seing the components of fungi

Lactic acid

preserves fungal structure in lactophenol blue

Glycerol

Prevents the sample from drying and the spread of sporees in lactophenol blue

Cotton Blue

Stains the chitin in the cell walls of the fungus in Lactophenol blue

Phenol

kills any other live organism in lactophenol cotton blue

Slide culture method

rapid method for preparing fungi for examination and identification grown directly on the slide on a thin film of agar

avoid agar from drying during incubation periods

why moisten with sterile water in slide cultures

for oxygen

why leave space in slide cultures

doesnt dislodge spore and preserves the structures

pros of using slide culture over wet mount

Rhizopus

nonseptate/ceoncytic sporangiospore, rhizoids and stolon. Called bread molds. Watery soft rot of fruits. Black spot of beef, mutton and other refrigerated/ frozen meats. Produce pectinase. Threat for starch-based crops

Penicillium

septate, conidia. Blue-green color. Mold for citrus, apples grapes. [] roqueforti.

Trichoderma

septate, conidiam chlamydospore. Rot in mangoes, stem end rot in avocado, agriculuture as biocontrol agent against plant pathogen

Aspergillus

septate, conidia, foot cell. Yellow to green black rot of fruits. A. niger produces many enzymes. Causes smuts in shit

Geotrichum 

white and yeaast like. Dairy mold. Flavors in cheese. Machinery mold. Sour rot of citrus

Fusarium

Septate, macrobidia, micronidia, chlamydospores. Cottony mycelium. Septate to sicke-shaped conidia. Brown rot. Barley and wheat

Ascospores

sexual spores produced by fungi in the ascomycota place

glucose, lactose, raffinose

sugaras wherein fungi was inoculated into

Schaeffer-futton’s method

staining method for malachite green iodine 95% ethanol safranin

to push primary dye into the endospores

why use steam in stainining?

saccharomyces

chromogenesis cream

schizosaccharomyces

chromogenesis cream/cream

rhodotorula

chromogenesis pink/red/orange

Pichia

chromogenesis cream tan

Budding and spherical

method of reproduction and ascospore of saccharomces

fission and bean shaped

method of reproduction and ascospore of schizosaccharomyces

Budding and absent

method of reproduction and ascospore of rhodotorula

budding and spheroidal, hat or saturn shaped

method of reproduction and ascospore of pichia

pellicle, ring, sediment, flocculent, turbid

saccharomyces

cottony mycelium tinged w/ pink red purple or brown. Brown rot of citrus and fruits. Field fungi on barlet and wheat

Pichia

largest genus of true yeast. Multilateral budding. Liquid media. Found in fresh shirpm, fish, olive brines

Rhodoturula

pink red pigments, orange or salmon pink. Psychrotrophic, fresh poultry, shrimp and beef. Grow on the surface better

Debaryomyces 

prevalent yeast in dairy products. Slime on weiners brines on cheeses. Spoilage juice concentrate and yogurt

Candida

Shining white no caretonoid pigmetns. Ground beef and poultry. Fermentation off cacao beans as component of kefir grains and other

Lactic Acid Bacteria

diverse groups of microorganisms that ferment carbs to produce lactic acid, application of yogurt, cheese and pickles

enteroococcus faecium, lactoplatibacillus plantarium, limosilactobacillus sakei, pediococcus acidilactici 

4 lactic acid bacteria

heterofermentative

ferrments multiple types of shit

homofermentative

ferments only one type of acid

Action Litmus in Milk

ability of LAB to ferment lactose, produce acid, and coagulate casein.

Litmus

indicator of pH and oxidation-reduction potential

Milk

lactose and milk proteins. Casein lactalbumin and lactoglobulin

Lactiplantiibacillus plantarum

strong lactose fermenter, pink w/ curds. reduction of litmus whhite. Gas may or may not be present

Limosilactobacillus sakei

moderate fermentation of lactose/ soft curd. Proteolysis is weak some can reduce litmus

Enterococcus faesium

homofermentative. Pink curd formation. Litmus reduction, no gas

pediococcus acidilactici

homofermentative. strong acid prodcution hard curd, Gas is not typical little to no proteolysis

Acidid pH

pink to red test in litmus test

Alkaline

purplish-blue in litmus test

reduction

white in litmus test

Acid curd

hard curd in litmus test

Digestion

litmus test defined by clear grayish watery fluid and shrunken insoluble pink clott. 

Rennet Curd

soft curds in litmus test

Gas production

bubbles in litmus test

Lactic acid: inputs sugar in glycolytic pathway. 2 lactate, 2 ATP

describe the homofermentive process

adelase

enzyme used in homofermentation

lactic, ethanoic, acetic, and CO2 PPP. 1 lactate 1 Co2 1 EtOH 1ATP per glucose

Heterofermentative process describe

phosphoketolase

key enzyme for heterofermentative

De Man Regosa Sharpe Broth

selective medium for lactobacilli but can be differentiative for gas producing through Durham tubes

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NRIC

out of the four LAB bacterias which one is heterofermentative

Ammonium oxalate crystal violet

dye used for gram staining lab bacteria

Catalase reaction

this test is used for identifying a certain enzyme through the breaaking down of peroxide into water and oxygen. Negative result indicates absence of catalase.

negative

for LAB bacteria catalase test all are ______

reconstituted skim milk to 15% total solids/ full cream

substrate for yoghurt

streptococcus thermophilus and lactobacillus bulgaricus

organisms for yoghurt production

Proto-cooperation

L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus

Metabolite exchange

production of cormic, folic, CO2 which support growth of L bulgaricus.

Lee’s agar

isolation of lab bacteria from yoghurt agar

Bromcresol purple

dye for Lee’s agar

Streptococcus thermophilus

yellow colonies, ferments sucrose. Sucrose, glucose, pyruvate, lactic acid, lower pH. Yellowing of bromcresol purple. Colonies become yellow medium stays purple

yellow

what is the color of streptococcus thermophilus under lees agar

lactobacillus bulgaricus

white colonies, ferments lactose in lees agar

bacillus and clostridium

most dominant spore formers

spore-formers

that can form resistant dormant structures called endospores. Can survive harsh environments harsh environments. 

malachite green

dye for spore formers

Green and red

what color is the spores and cells in spore formers

bacillus subtilis, megaterium, cereus, polymyxa, firmus

bacillus species for spore formers

nutrient agar

agar used for observation of spore-formers

act as a mordant

why use steam in staining

counterstain for vegetative cells

why use safranin in staining

central, sub-terminal, or terminal

positions of spores

ellipsoidal, oval, round

shapes for spores in bacillus and clostridium

Distention

term used for the vegetative bulges due to size of spore

Dextrose tryptone agar

agar for ropiness of Bacillus subtilis

Dextrose

component in DTA simple sugar and fermentable carbohydrate and slime production

Tryptose

component in DTA amino acids peptides and nitrogen sources