Drugs, Deviance and Social Control Final Exam UIowa

4 views that influence behavior

socialization, environmental exposure, age of initial exposure, & attitude change

socialization

lifelong social experience by which humans develop their potential & learn culture

key agents: criminal justice system, media, PEERS, school and location

environmental exposure

exposure to drug users and the drugs themselves (how often do you see drugs in your area? accessible? how common?)

age of initial exposure

often an increased likelihood of acceptance of and engagement in things we are exposed to in early life

attitude change

viewpoints aren't stagnant (views of weed in the past decade have changed) the changes in attitude are influential

legal instrumental (Goode)

taking drugs as prescribed/intended

legal recreational (Goode)

taking licit (legal) drugs to achieve a certain mental or psychic state (coffee, cigs, drinking)

illegal instrumental

taking illicit drugs without a prescription to accomplish a certain task/goal (unprescribed adderall to study)

illegal recreational

taking illicit drugs for fun and pleasure

drug abuse

the habitual taking or misuse of addictive or illegal drugs outside of prescribed recommendations (extra Advil/supplements/coffee)

drug addiction

chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking (despite harmful consequences)

drug dependence

Psychological: emotional & motivational withdrawal symptoms (craving, mental preoccupation)

Physical: body becomes accustomed to the presence of a drug (normal to body)physical symptoms

Models of Addiction

moral, medical, psychological, sociocultural, biopsychosocial models

moral model

why an addict is an addict (belief they are bad people, belief they choose to abuse drugs)

medical model

people abuse drugs because of some biologically caused condition (views addiction as treatable not curable, chronic and long term)

biopsychosocial model

factors of biological, psychological and sociological together influence/cause addiction

social influence theories

drug use is learned like other behaviors, focuses on roles of significant others, start out as blank slates

social structural theories

(broader view) elements of organization of society act as motivation and or shape the drug use behavior. (college)

neurotransmitters

(function of the CNS) messengers sent by neurons (the key) to receptor (the lock) for brain communication

(drugs act like key, harder the drug, the better fitting key)

agonistic drugs

interacts to produce some cellular response

(shot of dopamine=direct binding)

(coke=indirect binding)

antagonistic drugs

interacts & prevents or hinders a response (direct/indirect acting) narcan (blocks/stops)

Effective Dose (ED)

"active dose", dose needed to produce a therapeutic effect (recommended dose of Advil is 2)

ED50 means 50% of population will need that dose

Lethal dose (LD)

quantity of drug require to kill specific population (toxicity)

routes of administration

crucial, influences drug effects

(most effective=inhalation)

acute effects of use

(immediate) puking, slurred speech

chronic effects of use

(long term) liver failure

tolerance

pharmacological, cross and behavioral

pharmacological tolerance

the effects on related neurons (have to take more)

cross tolerance

refers to the fact that the same principle oof diminishing effects applies across similar drug types (tolerance to heroin=tolerance to morphine)

behavioral tolerance

reflects how an experienced user learns to compensate for drug effects (functioning alcoholics, more used to it)

drug scheduling

determined by drug's accepted medical use and the potential to be abused

(schedule 1=most dangerous)

Psychomotor stimulants

Amphetamines (potent CNS stimulant)

Cocaine

enhances activity in CNS, increases levels of dopamine, enhances serotonin transmitters, blocks reuptake

first era of coke

use by South American Indians, native Peruvians, component of religious ceremonies, chewed on coca leaves, mild effects

second era of coke

19th century, isolated by Niemann, widespread use, marketed in OTC meds, legal downfall was results of stereotyping black users

third era of coke

1980's, crack cocaine era, much cheaper, more profitable, short period of coke explosion, rates of use were comparatively low, even lower for crack

Hallucinogens

active receptors in the brain that are normally triggered by serotonin neurotransmitters

inhalant drug effects

produce pleasurable effect via CNS depression (similar to alc) uncommon addiction

sudden sniffing syndrome

can happen the first time, shuts down CNS, kills you

side effects of inhalant abuse

light headed, hallucinations, brain damage, hearing loss, bone marrow damage.

who is using inhalants?

kids, most common in 12-13 year olds, easy access

types of inhalants

volatile solvents (liquids vaporize at room temp)

aerosols (sprays that contain solvents)

gases (found in household/commercial products)

nitrite (poppers, used for sexual enhancement)

percentage of 8th graders who abuse inhalants?

8% of middle schoolers, 1 in 5 had tried by 8th grade

key intoxicating ingredient in marijuana

THC, acts on cannabinoid system, plants contain more than 500 chemicals

2 types of marijuana

SATIVA- uplifting, appetite stimulant, higher THC, lower CBD, pain reliever

INDICA- relaxation, calm, higher CBD

marijuana first used?

used for help fibers in early time, tea sed as medicine and for religion

weed is classified as what?

hallucinogens, sedative, narcotic, stimulant, psychometric

medical utility of marijuana

pain relief (analgesic) for cancer, migraines, etc.

antidepressant, anti-seizure, appetite stimulant, muscle relaxation, anti-asmatic

subculture

special population whose members share similar values and patterns of related behaviors that differ from large population. (college students, police) internal and external subcultural factors that impact member's drug use

2 commonly abused performance enhancing drugs

anabolic steroids and human growth hormones

anabolic steroids

growth of skeletal muscle, development of male sexual characteristics (bodybuilders and weightlifters)

oral/injectable

human growth hormone

synthetic version of growth hormone, most common uses are not FDA-approved

commonly used drugs within rave subcultures

MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine, GHB, rohypnol (much harder valium), LSD

intravenous drug subculture

Before HIV/AIDS, people who liked injecting drugs, had to have a lot of trust, bonded this way

primary prevention

(universal) target whole population, provide education and support before problems occur

secondary prevention

families in need of deescalation, assessment strategies, early intervention, healthy alternatives, team approach

tertiary prevention

interventions, assessments and diagnosis, referral for treatment, case management, re-entry

drug preventions

scare tactic: coercion, extreme emphasis on negative effects

comorbity

more than 1 mental illness, can't treat like regular drug addiction due to two different issues.

Modalities of treatment

detox, harm reduction, short/long term, residential/non residential