COMM 205 Exam 1 Jo Dumas Penn State

Normative Communication Values are encoded in:

Society of Professional Journalists code of ethics

What is perception?

Our experiences shape our message understanding with tendency to alter meaning to become more consistent with preexisting attitudes and beliefs.

What is the message being relayed in White Like Me?

Denial in racism existence because you're in the dominant group.

University campus efforts to "foster dialogue and to build a welcoming and diverse community" presented a case where...

"color bind stance" narrowed the "discursive space in which interracial dialogue" could occur.

What is Privatization?

Government operations restructured into private operations.

According to J Schor, Consumption is ...

Social

Media provides materials out of which we forge...

Our identities; sense of selfhood

Critical cultural media analysis examines the:

Textual analysis of media-- what is and is not represented.

What does Article 19 express?

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

What was the film Unchained Memories?

True slave stories that were collected in the library of congress.

Who paid for Unchained Memories?

The Federal Writers Project

What is Hegemony?

The dominance that one group holds over another.

What were A Sen's ideas on identity?

It is good to avoid two types of reductionist assumptions:

1. Identity Disregard (ignores important cultural factors in people's identity)

2. Singular Affiliation (denies plural identities of people)

Sen also believed that identities and their relationship to violence is closely linked with...

multiculturalism.

What are Sen's two different approaches to a multicultural environment?

1. Multicultural Engagement (Learning and growing from other cultures)

2. Plural Monocultural parallel non-engagement (isolation among cultures)

What were Tim Wise's discoveries/ideas about inequality?

Wise says that privilege is deeply rooted in some of our biggest problems; it is often also invisible to members of the dominant group.

Culture is an essential element of ________ ___________

Human Dignity

What is Cognitive Consistency?

Psychological comfort people work to attain or preserve by a selection of information consistent with existing views.

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

Psychological discomfort experienced with exposure to information inconsistent with existing views.

What is Multicultural Engagement?

Involves interaction among different cultures and can produce valuable knowledge, familiarity across cultural difference and cognitive consistency or psychological comfort.

What is Multicultural Disengagement?

Where you don't explore or engage outside your culture - then you never grow and become comfortable with different cultures; can lead to cognitive dissonance

What is the active audience selection process?

Exposure, Retention, Perception

What is exposure?

We choose media and have tendency toward messages consistent with preexisting attitudes and beliefs.

What is retention?

We have tendency to best remember messages most meaningful to us.

What is the Social Identity Theory?

Emphasizes the inherent use of group comparisons in managing identity needs and recognizes the important role that media images play.

_________ comes from guilt.

Denial

What causes guilt in White Like Me?

Guilt comes from being the dominant group and getting privileges

It's our responsibility to do what?

Question our privileges

What did Stuart Hall identify?

How media creators encode ideology into messages. Then audience decode ideology from these messages. Hall identifies 3 types.

What are Hall's 3 types of decoding, receiving or interpreting message ideas?

1. Dominant

2. Negotiated

3. Oppositional

What are Dominant message ideas, according to Hall?

Person interprets messages according to intended meaning or dominant ideology.

What are Negotiated message ideas, according to Hall?

Person interprets message meaning in negotiation with own experience, knowledge, accepts some ideology and rejects some ideology.

What are Oppositional message ideas, according to Hall?

Interprets message in contradiction to intended meaning or ideology.

What theory does Simpson use in Color Blind, Double Bind?

The Politically Responsive Constructionist Theory of Communication (PRCT)

Communication Theory

Helps explain media dynamics, These defined theories are commonly used to explain observed results of media research.

Social Cognitive Theory

Encompasses both imitation and identification to explain how people learn through observation of others in their environments and can base behavior on symbolic representations of behavior in media.

Social Construction of Reality Theory

A treatise on the sociology of knowledge. Media contributes to the construction of our social identity.

Feminist Theory

Idea that gender equality is a social value.

Cultivation Theory

Explained research findings that mass media exposure cultivates a view of the world that is consistent with mediated "reality" in heavy viewers.

Economics Theory

Theory that explains society in terms of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

Political Economy Theory

Struggle between social classes, the owners of means of production and the production workers, underlies all political issues.

Market Economy System

Decisions of resource allocation are left to the independent decisions of individual producers and consumers acting in their own best interests without central direction

Marketplace of Ideas

All ideas are put before the public and democratic public will choose the best ideas.

Uses and Gratifications

Predicts media usage according to the human needs media satisfy.

Social Identity Theory

"Emphasizes the inherent use of group comparisons in managing identity needs and recognizes the important role that media images play in this process."

Frame Analysis

Explains how frames or sets of expectations are used to make sense of social situations and frames use cues to help interpret or plan actions.

Priming Theory

Explains how media images can stimulate related thoughts in the minds of the audience.

Agenda Setting Theory

Explains how media help determine what is important; because they don't tell us what to thing, media does tell us what to think about.

Gatekeeping Theory

Explains the media power to decide what to present to the public and what to withhold from the public.

What are the 4 common business structural trends in media history?

Growth, Integration, Globalization, Concentration of Ownership

What is Growth in reference to media history trends?

Media and ICT companies have grown through mergers and acquisitions.

What is Integration in reference to media history trends?

Horizontal: Own diversified media forms

Vertical: Own companies at all stages of production, distribution and exhibition

What is Globalization in reference to media history trends?

Global expansion of markets and market economy ideas and practice to all regional, national and local economics and societies.

What is Concentration of Ownership in reference to media history trends?

Power , control and decision making in few hands.

What is the Telecommunications Act of 1996?

The Law of the Land; allowed the media environment to restructure without public debate - favored business trends: growth, integration, ownership concentration, globalization, digital universal service initiatives. Citizens need "intellectual self-defense... to protect themselves from manipulation and control... for meaningful democracy"

What are the three trends supported by the Telecommunications Act of 1996?

Liberalization, Deregulation; Privatization

What is Liberalization?

Open markets to competition

What is Deregulation?

Reduction of government rules

What is the message behind No Logo?

We live in a world consumed by brands; Branding is very pervasive in the world around us.

What does it mean to reclaim the commons?

It's about our democracy and the right to have a say in and control of "our shared public resources"

What is the message of Mickey Mouse Monopoly?

"Disney is dangerous because it is sublime form of education. It is absorbed by our young people's minds as entertainment."

What are Cedric Clark's four stages of media representation for "ethic minorities"?

Non-recognizition/visibility, Ridicule, Regulation/Assimilation, Respect/Humanity

What is the message of Tough Guise?

Men are taught from very early on that they have to be tough; This leads to hyper-masculinity and escalation of violence.

What is Ideology?

Media are a means of ideological production and contribute to the reaffirmation of existing ideas and power relationships