FINALS OPTHALMIC SURGERY

What are speculums used for?

Hold eyelids open

• barraquer

• Desmarres

What are the scissors used for?

Delicate tissue cutting

• westcott

• Vannas

What are the needle holders for?

Locking or non-locking, micro sutures

• castroviejo

What are the forceps for?

Grasping fine tissue

• colibri

• Bishop-Harmon

What is the phaco handpiece for

Ultrasonic probe used in cataract removal

What are Iris hooks/retractors used for?

Manipulate Iiris during cataract or glaucoma surgery

What is a vitrector used for?

Powered cutting/aspiration tool for vitrectomy

What is Trephine for?

Circular cutting instrument for corneal transplant

What is cryoprobe/ laser probe used for

Seals retinal tears

What is a cataract extraction with IOL implant (phacoemulsification)

Removal of cloudy lens (Cataract) And replacement with an artificial intraocular lens

What is a vitrectomy?

Removal of vitreous humor (Blood scar tissue or debris)— Common and retinal detachment or diabetic retinopathy

What is a trabeculectomy?

Create a new drainage channel for aqueous humor in glaucoma patients

What is a keratoplasty ( Corneal transplant)

Replaces damaged/opaque cornea with donor tissue

What is a enucleation?

Removal of the entire Eyeball(Usually for severe trauma or intraocular malignancy)

What is a sclera buckle used for?

Band placed around Scalera to repair retinal detachment

What is a dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)

Opens a passage between lacrimal sack and nasal cavity for tear drainage

What is the sclera

WHITE outer coat of the eye (Tough protective layer)

What is the cornea?

Clear dome shaped front covering; Major refractive surface

What is the iris?

Color Part of the eye; Controls pupil size (Light regulation)

What is the Pupil

Opening in center of Iris that lets light enter

What is the lens

Focuses light onto retina; Becomes cloudy in cataracts

What is the retina?

Innermost layer with rods (dim light) and cones (color/visual activity)

What is the macula/fovea

Central vision, highest visual acuity

What is the optic nerve? (CN II)

Transmit visual information to the brain

What is vitreous humor

Gel like substance filling posterior eye

What is aqueous humor?

Fluid and interior chamber; Drainage issues—> Glaucoma

Which device is used to break up and remove a cataract?

Phacoemulsification device

What is BSS and why is it used in eye surgery?

Balanced salt solution, Used in eye surgery because it won’t damage the eyes

What is the purpose of an iridectomy glaucoma treatment?

To create space for aqueous humor drainage. Relieves intraocular pressure

What structure is lined by the conjunctiva?

• The inside surface of the eyelids

• Sclera

What instrument might be used to handle delicate sutures in ophthalmic surgery?

CastroViejo (locking or non-locking)

Which type of photoreceptor is responsible for vision in low light environments

Rods

What type of block is commonly used for intraocular procedure like vitrectomy

Retrobulbar block

Which solution is used to irrigate the eye during surgery

BSS (balanced salt solution)

What is removed in an evisceration

• Removal of eyes internal contents, leaving the sclera

• Allows for better prosthetic movement and cosmetic outcome

What procedure creates a new passage for tear drainage into the nasal cavity

Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)

Which instrument is used to grasp a foldable IOL during implantation

Smooth forceps

What type of lens is placed after phacoemulsification

IOL

What are the names of the muscles that move the eye?

Extrinsic muscles

What is the difference between recession and resection in strabismus surgery

Recession: weakening

Resection: strengthening

What fluid fills the posterior cavity of the eye

Vitreous humor

What surgical technique seals retinal tears using cold

Cryotherapy

What condition is caused by an inward turning eyelid

Entropion

What structure controls the size of the pupil

Iris

What transparent tissue is transplanted during keratoplasty

Corneal

Key concepts of opthalmic surgery

• highly precise- often under a microscope

• Use of tiny instruments and microsutures

• Requires eye specific anesthetics and irrigation solutions

• Surgical technologists must maintain a clean, moist field at all times

What is the retina function?

• function: did text light and converts it to neutral signals

• Contains rods (dim light and shape perception) And cones (bright light and color)

What is the interior chamber, and what fluid is it filled with?

• Space between cornea and Iris

• Filled with aqueous humor, nourish’s tissues, and maintains pressure

What is vitreous humor and where is it located?

• Gel like substance in the posterior cavity

• Maintains eye shape and keeps retina in place

• Surrounded by the hyaloid membrane

What is the lens?

• Flexible structure that changes shape to focus light

• Removed during cataract surgery and replaced with an intraocular lens (IOL)

What is the iris?

• Colored portion of the eye

• Controls the size of the pupil and regulates light entry

What is the conjunctiva?

• Transparent membrane that lines eyelids and covers sclera

• Protects the eye and helps produce mucus

What is the ciliary body?

• Produces aqueous humor

• Controls lens shape for focusing (Accommodation)

What is the optic nerve?

• Cranial Nerve II

• Transmitted visual signals from the retina to the brain

What are the extraocular muscles?

• Six extrinsic muscle muscles move the eyeball

• Strabismus when these muscles are misaligned

What is BSS (Balanced salt solution)

Sterile irrigation used to moisturize and protect delicate eye tissues during surgery

What are tetracaine drops?

Topical anesthetic used to numb the eyes service pre-op

Where is a retrobulbar block?

• anesthetic injection behind the globe

• Commonly used for intraocular surgeries like vitrectomy

What is a phacoemulsification handpiece used for?

Ultrasonic device used to break up and remove cataracts

What are CastroViejo needle holders used for?

Walking or non-locking fine tip needle holder

What are smooth forces used for?

Used to safely grasp foldable IOLs during implantation

Describe a cataract and how it’s treated

• Clouding of the lens

• Treated with Phacoemulsification in IOL placement

• Often no sutures require required if performed through self-sealing incision

How is a retinal tear/detachment treated?

• Treated with vitrectomy, sclera, buckle, or cryotherapy

• Cryotherapy uses cold to seal retina breaks

Describe glaucoma and how is it treated?

• Increased pressure from blocked aqueous drainage

• Treated with iridectomy (Removal of a small part of the iris)

What is strabismus and how is it treated?

• Misalignment of the eyes due to muscular imbalance

• Corrected by Recession (Weakening) or Resection (Strengthen) of eye muscles

what is chalazion and how is it treated?

• Cyst caused by blocked meibomian gland

• Treated with incision and curettage of the inner eyelid

What is entropion and how is it treated?

• inward turning of the island

• Causes lashes to scratch cornea

• Repaired by tightening or repositioning eyelid structures

What is eyelid laceration and how is it treated?

• Trauma requiring layered repair

• If canaliculus is involved, may use modified veirs rods and stent

What is evisceration?

• Removal of the eyes, internal contents, leaving the sclera

• Allows for better prosthetic movement and cosmetic outcome

What is enucleation?

• Removal of the entire globe

• Used for trauma, infection, or malignancy

What is dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)

• creates new connection between Lacrimal sack and nasal cavity

• Treats, chronic tearing from blocked nasolacrimal duct

What is keratoplasty?

• Corneal transplant, using donor tissue

• Replaces, scarred or damaged cornea to restore vision

What is pterygium

• Triangular conjunctival growth onto cornea

• Removed surgically if it affects vision

What are rods?

Detect dim light and shapes

what are cones?

Detect color and bright light

What is phacoemulsification?

Method to break up/remove cataract

What is the iris?

Muscle that controls pupil size

What is the hyaloid

Membrane enclosing vitreous humor

What is the Conjunctiva

Membrane covering sclera and inside of eyelid

What are the extrinsic muscles

Move the eyeball in different directions

what is a vitrectomy?

Removal of vitreous humor

What is keratoplasty?

Corneal transplant