Important Treaties AP EURO

Treaty of Versailles

• signed June 29, 1919 in the Hall of Mirrors

• ended WWI

• terms negotiated by Big 3 (George, Clemenceau, Wilson)

• blamed WWI on Germany, forced to pay huge reparations and limited land/economy

• league of nations was formed by USA (didn't join) and it failed

Edict of Nantes

• signed by Henry IV on April 13, 1598

• gave Protestants some religious freedom in France

• a result from tensions between Protestants and Roman Catholics (ex: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre)

• gave right for the Huguenots (French Protestants) the right to worship freely everywhere in France in private/public

• later revoked by King Louis XIV

Peace of Westphalia

• signed in 1648 in towns of Münster and Osnabrück

• ended 30 yrs war in Germany and ended 80 yrs war between Spanish and Dutch

• land was gained and lost by most countries in Treaty

• Swiss Confederation and United Provinces of the Netherlands became independent nations

• secured religious tolerance for Protestants and Calvinists

Peace of Augsburg

• signed on Sept 23, 1555 by Diet of Holy Roman Empire

• allowed state princes to select either Lutheranism or Calvinism in each of their own cities

• originally called to order by Charles V but didn't participate

• said that no Prince should go to war over religious matters

• only 2 religions included in the treaty were Roman Catholics and Lutheranism

Treaty of Tordesillas

• signed June 7, 1494 between Spain and Portugal

• issued by Pope Alexander VI

• spain and Portugal fought over Americas during early exploration so a treaty was decided to split the Americas to show which country gets to explore where

• although Brazil was in teh middle of the split, Portugal took it

• line called Line of Demarcation

Treaty of Paris (1763)

• signed Nov 3, 1762

• ended 7 yrs war/French and Indian war between England and France

• France had to give up all holdings in America- ended threat to English colonies in US

• called for peace talks by King Louis XV

Act of Union (1707)

• signed May 1, 1707

• established the union between England and Scotland to call them Great Britain

• allowed free and equal trade throughout

Act of Union (1801)

• signed Jan 1, 1801

• established union between Great Britain and Ireland to call them the UK

• stayed as union until 1921 when Ireland pulled away, however, Elizabeth II became known as queen of UK of GB and Northern Ireland

Factory Acts

• signed in 1833 in England

• this came after revolts for reform in the industrializing country to make the factory work safer

• no one under 9 could work in factories, 9-13 y/o could only work 8 hrs/day, and teens from 13-18 had a limit of 12 hrs/day

• under 13 had to receive 2 hours of education daily as well

• important because these restrictions were actually enforced unlike earlier reforms made

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• signed March 3, 1918 in Poland

• officially ended Russia's involvement in WWI- had to leave bc they were dealing w the Russian Revolution

• Germany put forth extensive demands for territory and resources

• after finalized, Lenin pushed for it to be ratified but people were split because of harsh terms

Treaty of Rome

• signed March 25, 1957 in Rome

• signed between Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands

• established the European Economic Community- created a common market between the countries

• sometimes combined with the European Atomic Energy Community- used to develop peaceful application for atomic energy

Maastricht Treaty

• signed Feb 7, 1992 in Netherlands

• established EU- granted everyone to vote and run for office in local/European Parliament elections in the country they live in

• also provided a central banking system & a common currency btwn countries, the Euro

• called for cooperation on other subjects such as the environment, policing and social policy

Congress of Vienna

• peace settling in France after Napoleon

• 1814-1815

• basically reset Europe to before Napoleon

Treaties of Utrecht

• april 1713-sept 1714

• series of treaties that ended the war of Spanish Succession

Treaty of London

• april 19, 1839 between GB, Austria, France, Prussia and Russia

• treaty secured the neutrality of Belgium and GB was the guard

• declared Belgium's independent state

Peace of Prague

• aug 23, 1866

• ended Austro-Prussian war

• austrians had to withdraw from German affairs and recognize Prussian supremacy

• annexed Schleswig and Holstein, Hanover, Electoral Hesse, Nassau and Frankfurt in Prussia

• austria agreed to abandon authority in S Germany and had to pay 40 mil thalers in war costs

Treaty of Frankfurt

• signed May 10, 1871

• ended Franco-Prussian war

• gave Germany a gateway into Euro power and politics

• France annexed Alsace and Lorraine to German and were forced to pay 5 bil francs to Germany

• marked the beginning of a tension between Germany and France and sparked WWI tension too

October Manifesto

• signed oct 30, 1905

• issued by Tsar Nicholas II in Russia

• promised reforms and rep in gov in Russia

• response to Russian Revolution

• promised civil liberties (freedom of speech/press)

• created DUma- a branch elected by the people

Kellogg-Briand Pact

• signed Aug 27, 1928

• agreement to outlaw war and it was only to be used as an instrument to prevent another world war- had little effect

• USA worked hand in hand w League of Nations, even though they weren't part of it

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• signed april 4, 1949

• after League of Nations failed

• formed to complete the Marshall Plan (european economic recovery)

• first countries to be a part: USA, Belgium, Denmark, France, GB, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and Portugal

• goal was to defend nations against communist spread

Paris Peace Treaties

• signed feb 10, 1947

• negotiated the details to end WII on the European front

• treaties included war reparations, commitment to minority rights, and territorial claims

• many countries had to give up land in Africa/Asia, and European boarders changed

Treaty of Karlowitz

(1699) btwn austria and ottoman empire, ends Turkish invasion into E europe

, last great incursion was the siege of Vienna

Potsdam

(1945) Germany divided into zones of occupation by British, French, Americans and Russian, disarmed and demilitarized. Denazification process and war trials to be held, reparations from Germany to all zones. Cold war begins

Yalta Conference

(1945) Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, Russia agrees to declare war against Japan

Tehran Conference

(1943) Operation Overlord would be launched the following year and a UN was tentatively agreed to by the Big 3: Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt

Berlin Conference

(1855) the big powers of the world met to divide up Africa

Treaty of Lodi

(1454-1455) All the Italian City-states formed an alliance

Treaty of Nanking

(1842) Chinese are defeated in the Opium war and Hong Kong is signed over to the British

Treaty of Rome

(1957) Established the Common Market and signed by France, W Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands

Treaty of Tilsit

(1807) Russia recognized Napoleon's claims in Europe, signed by Russia and France

Treaty of Villafranca

(1859) temporarily thwarted Cavour's plans to unify Italy, signed by France and Austria