NTRI 2000 Exam 1- Emily Bourne

Exam 1 study guide Spring 2023

What does essential mean in terms of nutrition?

Anything the body cannot make for itself

7 major categories of Healthy People 2020

chronic disease

food safety

maternal, infant, and child health

food & nutrient consumption

eating disorders

physical activity & weight control

food security\`

What is NHANES?

National Health and Nutrition examination surveys

Can someone who is malnourished still be overweight?

yes

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water

Which nutrients are organic?

Carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins

What are the 3 macronutrients?

carbohydrates, fat, protein

How much energy do carbohydrates & protein yield?

4

How much energy do fats yield?

9

Which macronutrient is referred to as the major structural material in the body?

protein

How much energy does alcohol yield? Is it a nutrient?

7; not it is not a nutrient

What are micronutrients? Do they provide energy?

vitamins & minerals; no energy yielding

What are the 2 types of vitemins?

Fat soluble: stored

Water soluble: excreted

genetics

units of a cells inheritance; sections of the larger genetic molecule DNA

nutrition

the study of how food nourishes the body

individuality

human genome; sequence of genes in human DNA

How is energy from nutrients measured?

kcal/g

adequacy

provides enough essential nutrients

balance

do not over emphasize one nutrient at the expense of another

calorie control

food that provides to much energy to the body

moderation

foods do not provide excess fat, sugar, salt

variety

foods chosen differ from one day to the next

case study

may lead to possible avenues of research

epidemiological study

looks for correlations in larger populations

intervention study

alters people’s eating habits & examines the affects

laboratory study

pinpoints mechanisms by which nutrition act

DRI

Dietary Reference Intakes; set of 5 lists of values for measuring the nutrient intakes of healthy people in the US or Canada

RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowance; Meet the needs of almost all healthy people

Al

Adequate Intakes; Based on scientific evidence and educated guesswork

UL

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels; Identify potentially toxic levels of nutrient intake

EAR

estimated average requirements; Establishes the average nutrient requirements for a given life stage and gender group

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges; DRI committee also sets healthy ranges of intake for carbohydrates, fat, and protein

What are the AMDRs of carb, fat, & protein?

carbs: 45%-65%

fats: 20%-35%

protein: 10%-35%

Dietary Guidelines for americans 2020-2025

Customize and enjoy nutrient-dense food and beverage choices to reflect personal preferences, cultural traditions, and budgetary considerations.

Focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient-dense foods and beverages, and stay within calorie limits.

Limit foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium, and limit alcoholic beverages.

What nutrient do red & orange vegetables provide?

vitamin A

Dark green vegetables provide which nutrient?

folate

starchy vegetables provide which nutrients?

carbs

recommended amounts of the 6 food groups

fruit: 2cups

vegetables: 2.5cups

grains: 6oz

protein: 5.5oz

milk: 3cups

oils: 6tsp

What does the term empty calories mean?

reduce nutrient density

What is required to be on the food label?

serving size, serving per container, calories, calories from fat, and nutrient amounts & % of DV

What is the Daily Vlaues?

in a single serving of the food & based on 2,000 cal diet, most useful when comparing foods

Low sodium

140mg or less per serving

reduced sodium

at least 25% lower than the regular item

sodium free

35mg or less per serving

phytochemicals

the compound in plants that confer color, taste, and other characteristics

Flavonoids

common widespread group

probiotics

a living microorganism that alters the bacterial colonies of the body

prebiotics

substance that cant be used unless a probiotic is present

resveratrol

a phytochemical of grapes under study for potential health benfits

what is the powerhouse of the cell?

mitochondrion

What is the function of the mitochondria?

takes in nutrients & releases energy from them in a form the cell can use

Inborn Error of Metabolism

genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease

PKU

Phenylketonuria; interferes with the body’s handling of phenylalanine (dietary protein)

Body Fluids

supply energy, oxygen, nutrients, & water to tissues; delivers new & takes old

Circulating fluids

blood and lymph

blood

Travels within arteries, veins, capillaries, and heart’s chambers

plasma

Circulating around cells; surrounds the white and red blood cells, and fluid surrounding muscle cells

Lymph

Fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream

What hormones are produced by the pancreas and what do they do?

insulin and glucagon; regulate the digestive system

What are the accessory organs that aid in digestion?

teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Where is the majority of food digested and absorbed?

small intestines

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine organ?

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Mechanical aspects of digestion

mouth→ stomach→ peristalsis→ sphincter muscle→ pyloric valve→ small intestines→ large intestines→ rectum

Chemical aspect of digestion

the digestive juices, salvia breaking down food, gastric juice, small intestine, microbiota

What is the purpose of microvilli and villi?

increases surface area and traps nutrient particles and absorbs them into the cells

How is the backflow of food prevented?

circular sphincter muscle at the base of the esophagus

What is chyme and where is it formed?

fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach upon a meal

What fluid is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder? What is its function?

manufactures bile and is stored in the gallbladder

What happens as a fight-or-flight reaction or stress response?

Nerves release neurotransmitters, metabolism speeds up, muscle and organ response

Excretory system: Which organs are involved in waste removal?

large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs