Studied by 42 people
What does essential mean in terms of nutrition?
Anything the body cannot make for itself
7 major categories of Healthy People 2020
chronic disease
food safety
maternal, infant, and child health
food & nutrient consumption
eating disorders
physical activity & weight control
food security`
What is NHANES?
National Health and Nutrition examination surveys
Can someone who is malnourished still be overweight?
yes
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water
Which nutrients are organic?
Carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins
What are the 3 macronutrients?
carbohydrates, fat, protein
How much energy do carbohydrates & protein yield?
4
How much energy do fats yield?
9
Which macronutrient is referred to as the major structural material in the body?
protein
How much energy does alcohol yield? Is it a nutrient?
7; not it is not a nutrient
What are micronutrients? Do they provide energy?
vitamins & minerals; no energy yielding
What are the 2 types of vitemins?
Fat soluble: stored
Water soluble: excreted
genetics
units of a cells inheritance; sections of the larger genetic molecule DNA
nutrition
the study of how food nourishes the body
individuality
human genome; sequence of genes in human DNA
How is energy from nutrients measured?
kcal/g
adequacy
provides enough essential nutrients
balance
do not over emphasize one nutrient at the expense of another
calorie control
food that provides to much energy to the body
moderation
foods do not provide excess fat, sugar, salt
variety
foods chosen differ from one day to the next
case study
may lead to possible avenues of research
epidemiological study
looks for correlations in larger populations
intervention study
alters people’s eating habits & examines the affects
laboratory study
pinpoints mechanisms by which nutrition act
DRI
Dietary Reference Intakes; set of 5 lists of values for measuring the nutrient intakes of healthy people in the US or Canada
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance; Meet the needs of almost all healthy people
Al
Adequate Intakes; Based on scientific evidence and educated guesswork
UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels; Identify potentially toxic levels of nutrient intake
EAR
estimated average requirements; Establishes the average nutrient requirements for a given life stage and gender group
AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges; DRI committee also sets healthy ranges of intake for carbohydrates, fat, and protein
What are the AMDRs of carb, fat, & protein?
carbs: 45%-65%
fats: 20%-35%
protein: 10%-35%
Dietary Guidelines for americans 2020-2025
Customize and enjoy nutrient-dense food and beverage choices to reflect personal preferences, cultural traditions, and budgetary considerations.
Focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient-dense foods and beverages, and stay within calorie limits.
Limit foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium, and limit alcoholic beverages.
What nutrient do red & orange vegetables provide?
vitamin A
Dark green vegetables provide which nutrient?
folate
starchy vegetables provide which nutrients?
carbs
recommended amounts of the 6 food groups
fruit: 2cups
vegetables: 2.5cups
grains: 6oz
protein: 5.5oz
milk: 3cups
oils: 6tsp
What does the term empty calories mean?
reduce nutrient density
What is required to be on the food label?
serving size, serving per container, calories, calories from fat, and nutrient amounts & % of DV
What is the Daily Vlaues?
in a single serving of the food & based on 2,000 cal diet, most useful when comparing foods
Low sodium
140mg or less per serving
reduced sodium
at least 25% lower than the regular item
sodium free
35mg or less per serving
phytochemicals
the compound in plants that confer color, taste, and other characteristics
Flavonoids
common widespread group
probiotics
a living microorganism that alters the bacterial colonies of the body
prebiotics
substance that cant be used unless a probiotic is present
resveratrol
a phytochemical of grapes under study for potential health benfits
what is the powerhouse of the cell?
mitochondrion
What is the function of the mitochondria?
takes in nutrients & releases energy from them in a form the cell can use
Inborn Error of Metabolism
genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease
PKU
Phenylketonuria; interferes with the body’s handling of phenylalanine (dietary protein)
Body Fluids
supply energy, oxygen, nutrients, & water to tissues; delivers new & takes old
Circulating fluids
blood and lymph
blood
Travels within arteries, veins, capillaries, and heart’s chambers
plasma
Circulating around cells; surrounds the white and red blood cells, and fluid surrounding muscle cells
Lymph
Fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream
What hormones are produced by the pancreas and what do they do?
insulin and glucagon; regulate the digestive system
What are the accessory organs that aid in digestion?
teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Where is the majority of food digested and absorbed?
small intestines
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine organ?
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Mechanical aspects of digestion
mouth→ stomach→ peristalsis→ sphincter muscle→ pyloric valve→ small intestines→ large intestines→ rectum
Chemical aspect of digestion
the digestive juices, salvia breaking down food, gastric juice, small intestine, microbiota
What is the purpose of microvilli and villi?
increases surface area and traps nutrient particles and absorbs them into the cells
How is the backflow of food prevented?
circular sphincter muscle at the base of the esophagus
What is chyme and where is it formed?
fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach upon a meal
What fluid is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder? What is its function?
manufactures bile and is stored in the gallbladder
What happens as a fight-or-flight reaction or stress response?
Nerves release neurotransmitters, metabolism speeds up, muscle and organ response
Excretory system: Which organs are involved in waste removal?
large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs
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