Exam 4

Hippocampus is part of the ___

temporal lobe

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red = external ear

yellow = auricle/pinna

green = external auditory meatus (canal)

blue = tympanic membrane (eardrum)

purple = temporal bone

pink = internal carotid artery

white = tensor tympani muscle

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red = tympanic cavity

orange = malleus

yellow = incus

green = stapes

blue = eustacian tube

purple = stapedius muscle

white = round window

pink = oval window

What makes up the auditory ossicles?

malleus, incus, stapes

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red = cochlea/bony spiral lamina

orange = saccule

yellow = utricle

green = cochlear branch

blue = ampulla

purple = vestibular branch

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red = oval window

orange = vestibular branch

yellow = vestibule

green = external semicircular canal

blue = upper semicircular canal

purple = posterior semicircular canal

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red = oval window

orange = round window

yellow = upper semicircular canal

green = posterior semicircular canal

blue = external semicircular canal

purple = cochlear branch

facial nerve (missing in model)

What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles and their functions?

1. superior rectus - moves eye up

2. inferior rectus - moves eye down

3. medial rectus - moves eye inward (towards nose)

4. lateral rectus - moves eye outwards (towards ear)

5. superior oblique - rotates eye inward and helps with depression and abduction

6. inferior oblique - rotates eye outward and helps with elevation and adduction

Superior rectus

Inferior rectus

Medial rectus

Lateral rectus

Superior oblique

Inferior oblique

What are the function of eyelids and eyelashes?

protective structures to keep debris out

What is conjunctiva of the eye?

a thin membrane covering the front of the eye and inner eyelids

What is the components of the lacrimal apparatus?

lacrimal gland (produces tears) and lacrimal ducts (drains tears into the nasal cavity)

What is the function of lacrimal gland?

produce tears to keep the eye moist

What is the cornea?

transparent front part of the eye that helps focus light

What is the sclera?

white, tough outer layer of the eyeball

What is the iris?

colored part of the eye, controls pupil size

What is the pupil and what its function?

the opening in the center of the iris

controls light entry

What is the function of the lens?

transparent structure that changes shape to focus light onto the retina

What is the aqueous humor and its function?

fluid in the anterior chamber

nourishes the eye and maintains intraocular pressure

What is the retina?

light-sensitive layer containing photoreceptors (rods and cones)

What is the function of the optic nerve (2)?

transmits visual signals from the retina to the brain

What is the function of the macula and fovea centralis?

central area of the retina responsible for sharp central vision

What is the function of the choroid?

the vascular layer that supplied oxygen and nutrients to the retina

What is the vitreous humor and its function?

gel-like substance filling the posterior chamber

maintains eye shape

What is the optic disc (blind spot)?

where the optic nerve exits, lacks photoreceptors

What is the function of the suspensory ligaments?

connects the ciliary body to the lens

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red = foramen magnum

orange = cauda equina

yellow = cervical plexus

light green = phrenic nerve

dark green = supraclavicular nerve

light blue = brachial plexus

dark blue = subscapular nerve

light purple = radial nerve

dark purple = ulnar nerve

light pink = median nerve

dark pink = palmar ramus

white = dorsal ramus

black = thoracic nerves

grey = lumbar plexus

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red = femoral nerve

orange = saphenous nerve

yellow = iliohypogastric nerve

light green = obturator nerve

dark green = sacral plexus

light blue = sciatic nerve

dark blue = tibial nerve

light purple = common peroneal nerve

dark purple = deep peroneal nerve

white = superficial peroneal nerve

black = medial plantar nerve

grey = lateral plantar nerve

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red = cerebrum

orange = cerebellum

yellow = brainstem

green = lateral sulcus

diencephalon

hippocampus

longitudinal fissure

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red = thalamus

orange = hypothalamus

yellow = pineal gland

light green = superior colliculus

dark green = inferior colliculus

light blue = cerebral peduncle

dark blue = arbor vitae

light purple = fornix

dark purple = septum pellucidum

pink = folia

white = corpus callosum

black = anterior commissure

grey = posterior commissure

pituitary glands (not in model)

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red = midbrain

orange = cerebral peduncle

yellow = pons

green = medulla oblongata

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red = cerebellar vermis

orange = tonsil

yellow = flocculus

green = cerebellar hemispheres

blue = medullary pyramids

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red = superior colliculus

orange = inferior colliculus

yellow = cerebral peduncle

green = 4th ventricle

blue = medullary pyramids

light purple = fornix

dark purple = choroid plexus

pink = lateral geniculate body

white = pineal gland

black = medial geniculate body

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red = interventricular foramen

orange = 4th ventricle

green = third ventricle

blue = aqueduct of the midbrain

purple = central canal of spinal cord

pink = choroid plexus of lateral ventricles

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red = third ventricle

orange = aqueduct of the midbrain

yellow = central canal of spinal cord

green = fourth ventricle

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red = olfactory nerve I

orange = optic nerve II

yellow = oculomotor nerve III

light green = optic chiasm

dark green = optic tract

light blue = trochlear nerve IV

dark blue = hypoglossal human nerve XII

light purple = trigeminal nerve V

dark purple = abducens nerve VI

light pink = facial nerve VII

dark pink = spinal accessory nerve XI

white = vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

black = glossopharyngeal nerve IX

grey = vagus nerve X

Functions of the 12 cranial nerves

I olfactory = smell

II optic = sight/vision

III oculomotor = eye movement and pupil reflex

IV trochlear = eye movement (depress and laterally rotate)

V trigeminal = face/eyes/mouth sensation and chewing

VI abducens = eye movement

VII facial = moving face and taste

VIII vestibulocochlear = hearing and balance

IX glossopharyngeal = throat sensation, some taste, and swallowing

X vagus = movement, sensation, abdominal organs (parasympathetic nerve)

XI accessory = neck movement and shoulder muscles

XII hypoglossal = moves tongue

cross section of unmyelinated nerve