Skeletal System exam

what shapes can bone sbe classified as

long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular

ex of long bone

femur, tibia, fibula

ex of short

carpa, tarsal

sesamoid

patella

flatbone

parietal, scapula, sternum

irregular

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

3 main structures of a long bone

epiphysis, metaphysis , diaphysis

epiphysis

expanded end of a long bone that articulate with other bones

metaphysis

widening region between the epiphysis and diaphysis

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

what are the 3 bone cells

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

osteoblasts

cells that form new bone

how do osteoblast form new bone

depositing bony matrix around them selevs and once enclosed by matrix, they become an osteocyte

osteocyte

mature bone cells

osteoclasts

cells that break down calcified matrix and aid in reabsorption

which type of bone contains trabeculae

spongy bone

trabeculae

branching bony plates

which type of synovial joint has the greatest range of motion

ball and socket

ossification

formation of new bone

explain what happens during the ossification process

intramembranous and endochrondral ossification

number of bones in cervical vertebrae

7

number of bones in thorascic vertebrae

12

number of bones in lumbar vertebrae

5

how many bones is the adult skeleton composed of

206

list diff factors that affect bone growth and remodeling

nutritional requirments, exercise, hormones

functional joint classification

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

synarthrosis

no movement allowed

Amphiarthrosis

slight movement

diarthrosis

free movement

red bone marrow

tissue in spaces within that bone hematopoiesis (make blood cells)

yellow bone marrow

fat storage issue in the medullary cavities of long bones

what is the only bone in the adult human skeleton that does not articulate with another bone

hyoid

periosteum of long bone

tough covering of dense CT on the outside of the bone

Periosteum functions

assits with fracture repair and continous with tendons and ligaments

endosteum

lines the medullary cavity, a thin membrane contaiing bone forming cells

3 structures found in compact bone

canaliculi, vo lkmanns canal, Haversian canal

Canaliculi

connect the lacunae of adjacent osteocytes

Volkmann's canals

connect adjacent osteons and these osteons are cemented to together to form compact bone

Haversian canal

concentric circles are formed around this canal and contain blood vessels and nerves

name of the opening in the skill that leads to form the outside to the parts of the inner ear

external acoustic meatus

name of the opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity

foramen magnum

fontanels in infants

areas of incomplete ossification (soft spots)

3 vitamins that are important for bone growth and development

vitamin A, Vitamin, D, Vitamin, C

vitamin A

needed for osteoblast and osteoclasts activity

vitamin D

increases absorption of dietary calcium

vitamin c

needed for collagen synthesis

what is a suture

cement skull bones together at irregular lines

what is the role of synovial fluid

lubricates surface of joint and supplies cartilage with nutrients

Where is synovial fluid found

in synovial joints

compact bone

most rigid CT, solid with no gaps, composed of inorganic salts and collagen, provide strength and support

spongy bone

made of trabelulae, lightweight, filled with re bone marrow

4 main steps that occur during bone repair

1) Hematoma forms, 2) Callus forms, 3) Callus ossifies, 4) Compact bone forms

step 1 hematoma

Blood enters the wound. Cells begin to die. Phagocytes ingest dead bone cells

and debris.

step 2 callus forms

Blood vessels grow. Cartilage forms to hold the

bone together.

step 3 Callus ossifies

spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage

step 4 compact bone forms

osteoclasts form a larger medullary cavtity. spongy bone is converted to compact bone

the cartilaginous cells of the epiphyseal plate form 4 layers

zone of resting cartilage, zone of profilerating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage

first zone

zone of resting cartilage

2nd zone

zone of profilerating cartilage

3rd zone

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

4th zone

zone of calcified cartilage

zone of resting cartilage

made of resting cells that dont actively participate in growth

zone of proliferating cartilage

cartilage cells are dividing and the plate thickens

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

made of older cells that further lengthen the bone; calcification of the ECM begins

zone of calcified cartilage

thin layer of calcified cartilage cells, osteoclasts destroy calcified matrix and osteoblast lay down new bone to replace it

intramembranous ossification

originate within sheetlike layers of CT

what is intramembranous ossification used for making which bones

flat bones

endochondral ossifciation

bones that begin as masses of hyaline cartilage and are later replaced by bone tissue

what is endochondral ossification used for making which bones

all bones

bones in the axial skeleton

skull bones, middle ear bones, hyoid, vertebral column, thoracic cage

bones in the appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

bones of the skeleton are divided into 2 parts

axial and appendicular

percent of compact bone in body

80%

percent of spongy bone in body

20%

canaliculi

connect the lacunae of adjacent osteocytes

processes

bony projections that provide sites for attachment of tendons and ligaments

articular cartilage

coats the outer surface (hayaline cartilage)

#1 nutritional requirements

vitamen D, A, C

#2 exercise

physical stress stimulates bone growth

lack of exercise makes bones

atrophy (weaker and thinner)

#3 hormones

human growth, sex, thyroxine, calcitonin and parathyroid hormones

what is the embyronic skeleton composed of

cartilage

decribe what occurs at epiphyseal plates that contain zones of cartilage

cartilage is replaced with calcified bones