World War I History Mystery

Imperialism

Imperialism

conflicts of nationalism, rivalries over territories

Balkan War 1912-1913

Increased Serbia’s territory by 80% → increase in panslavism

Pan-Slavism

belief in a united Slavic state

Russo-Turkish War

Solved diplomatically, won by Russia, increased dissent b/w Russia and Austria-Hungary/Germany

Weltpolitik

Belief that Germany should be able to get involved in international affairs, sought to increase prestige by increasing naval power and imperialism

Moroccan Crisis 1905

North African region supported by Anglo-French entente, The French try to expand control → German objection → French ignore → German threat of aggression → Algericas Conference

Algericas Conference

Conference ending with the concession of Germany after a threat on French imperialism

Moroccan Crisis 1911

France and Germany move troops into Morocco, France and Britain pushed back and Germany was forced to accept parts of the French Congo (instead of Moroccan land)

Dual Alliance

Formed between Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1878

Triple Alliance (defensive military alliance)

Italy joined with Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1882

Franco-Russian Military Alliance. 1894

In response to growing German power (france and russia)

Ententé Cordiale 1904 (non-military)

Between Britain and France

Anglo-Russian Convention 1907 (non-military)

British and Russian alliance

Triple Ententé

joining of Anglo-Russian convention and Ententé Cordiale

Dreadnought

British ships launched in 1908, meant to be a new horizon for naval warfare

Schlieffen Plan

German plan to surround Paris and defeat France within 6 weeks and face Russia before it mobilized (prevent two-front war)

Blank Cheque Guarantee

declaration by Germany that any action by Austria-Hungary against Serbia was backed and defended by Germany

Total War

breach of traditional boundaries of warfare, attacks on the civilian population

Treaty of London 1839

Declaration that Britain would defend Belgian neutrality, brought Britain into the war when Germany entered Belgium

Preliminary Artillery Bombardment

pre-attack air bombing, ineffective due to:

• inaccuracy

• high proportion duds

• didn’t destroy any barbed wire or hit anyone

• acted as a warning prior to attack

Creeping Barrage

Happened simultaneously with the charge to advance, large number of field guns would fire to provide cover for advancing troops, failed due to:

• bad planning (either to soon— no cover— or too late— friendly fire)

  • low accuracy

Gallipoli

• was supposed to increase Entente moral

• knock out the Ottoman empire

• open route to Russia

• open another front

Had to evacuate

Verdun

• crucial for moral and defense

• German attack ordered to draw french reinforcements and weaken western fron

• Germany only gained 8km by end of battle

The Somme

• first use of Tanks (ineffective)

• advanced 13km

Zimmerman Telegram

Document proposing alliance between Mexico and Germany, intercepted by US

Russian Revolution 1917

Tsar replaced by a provisional government that launched a failed offensive → 2nd Revolution (Bolshevik)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Passed under the Bolshevik Russian government with Germany, pulled Russia out of the war

Ludendorff Offensive 1918

German offensive, Broke the stalemate on the Western Front

• “last push” due to low materiel

• preceded by a short and intense aerial bombardment and quick “stormtroop” infantry attacking weakpoints

• gained 65km in one week

• Second Battle of Marne caused German retreat

• Treaty in November 1918 ceased fighting

Arab Revolt

caused by Ottoman attack on Suez canal

• British encouraged revolt for promise of independence post-war

  → ottoman surrender