floral design exam #3

Know the floral calendar dates (the ones with headings in the book, and know about each). 

• Mothers day (2nd sun in May)

• Fathers day (3rd sun in June)

• Friendship day (1st sun in August)

• Grandparents day (1st sun in September)

• Groundhogs day (feb 2)

• St. Patrick's day (march 17)

• Thanksgiving (4th thurs Nov)

What is a regional holiday?

a holiday that requires a lot of flowers. ex Memorial Day, Valentines Day

Where do we get “ring in the new year” from?

• Reminiscent of early customs of making noise and ringing church bells to turn away evil spirits and keep them from entering the new year.

What are the well-known symbols of the New Year that became popular in the late nineteenth century?

dances, dinners, parties, fireworks, elaborate meals, parade of colorful dragons, family gatherings

What color represents good omens to the Chinese?

red

What is groundhog day based on and what is the legend?

Based on a custom brought to America by people from Germany and Great Britain. The groundhog comes out of hibernation on February 2- if he sees his shadow he supposedly returns to his hole for another 6 weeks of winter.

What are the theories behind Valentine’s Day?

Some trace the origin to Lupercalia, an ancient Roman festival and feast connected with fertility rites. Others associate the event with one or more saints of the early Christian church, one of whom was named Valentine. Another theory believed is linked to an old English legend that says birds choose their mates on February 14.

What is International Women’s Day?

March 8 - global day of celebration of women and their economic, political, and social achievements of the past and present

When is Easter? Know the “rule” when Easter is celebrated each year

Can occur on any Sunday between March 22 and April 25. Always held on the first Sunday after the date of the first full moon that occurs on or after March 21 (vernal equinox or the beginning of spring

When is Professional Secretaries’ Week/day?

Last full week from Sunday to Saturday in April, Wednesday is Administrative Professionals Day.

When is Mother’s Day?

Second Sunday in May

Give a brief history of Mother’s Day

First known suggestion for a Mother's Day in the US was made by Julia Ward Howe in 1872. Many supported, but Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia who in 1907 began a campaign for a nationwide observance of Mother's Day. Congress designated the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day in 1914.

When is Memorial Day observed?

Last Monday in May

When making red, white, and blue designs, which color should be used in lesser quantities and why?

Red should be used in lesser amounts because of its intense, dramatic qualities. Too much red can overwhelm the blues and whites.

When is National Grandparents’ Day?

First Sunday in September following Labor Day

When and what is Sweetest Day?

3rd Sunday in October. Named for recognizing and honoring those who have been "sweet" or kind and helpful throughout the year

When is Thanksgiving?

4th Thursday in November

What is a cornucopia and what are other names for it?

Horn of plenty. A symbol of abundance. Often filled with fruits, vegetables, grains, grasses, and autumn-colored flowers and foliage, it has become a popular decoration and centerpiece for the Thanksgiving Day table.

What do the traditional colors of red and green signify for Christmas?

• green- eternal life

• red- blood of christ

What are some important wedding anniversary years and colors?

• Silver anniversary - 25th

• Golden anniversary - 50th

What are some other names for a presentation bouquet?

• Queen's bouquets

• Arm bouquets

What is a hand-tied bouquet?

Also called European hand-tied bouquets and Dutch spiral bouquets, generally appear the same on all sides and are most often massed and rounded. The rounded tight cluster of the entire bouquet is the emphasis

What are some good design guidelines for hospital designs?

• Allow individual blossoms to be seen; use fewer flowers in the design, or use a few showy, tropical flowers. Tall, long-stemmed displays look more impressive, and they should be "low maintenance" and arranged in a container or vase.

• Avoid flowers and foliage with strong fragrances

Matching section: Christmas, Valentine’s Day, Memorial Day, Father’s Day, Sweetest Day, Mother’s Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, Professional Secretaries’ Day/Week, and National Grandparents’ Day

• Memorial Day - last Monday in May

• Father's Day - third Sunday in June

• Sweetest Day - third Saturday in October

• Mother's Day - second Sunday in May

• Easter - First Sunday after the date of the first full moon that occurs on or after March 21

• Professional Secretaries Day/Week - Last week from Sunday to Saturday in April; Wednesday is Administrative Professionals Day

• National Grandparents Day - first Sunday in September following Labor Day

• Thanksgiving - 4th Thursday in November

What are some guidelines for corsage design?

Theme and style, size and shape, mechanics and balance, focal area

How are theme and style, proportion, scale, shape, mechanics, balance, and focal area important?

• Theme and style - the color and style of the items to which the flowers will be attached is important in determining the color and style of the floral piece.The event itself also dictates the style that should be used.

• Size/Proportion- the completed design should be in proportion to the person who will be wearing the corsage, boutonniere, or hair piece. Size and amounts of flowers must all be in proportion to one another.

• Scale-?

• Shape - the basic shape should take into consideration where the design will be worn.

• Mechanics and balance - The design should be well constructed to retain its original shape, letting nothing fall out of the design. Both visual and physical types of balance are important.

• Focal Area - Draws attention and provides a visual as well as physical area where all lines converge. Must be placed at the center of gravity.

What is conditioning?

A technique that allows flowers and foliage to fully hydrate with water and preservative before being used in designs.

Why are corsages wired and taped?

They help make it pliable and lightweight and the tape hides the wire. It conceals all the mechanics.

What are accessories?

ribbon, jewels, shiny wire, glitter, color spray. Main purpose is to accent the flowers, not to overwhelm the design

What are some advantages to making and using ribbon loops in corsages?

It isn't as overpowering as a large bow. it can create the foundation for construction. They also accent the flower and add color and texture

What is tulle?

Netting, sold on small bolts usually 6 inces wide. (A type of decorative netting used as an accessory in corsage and wedding designs.)

Where is a corsage/boutonniere traditionally worn and why?

• Corsages: worn by females; commonly worn on the shoulder or the wrist. Smaller corsages may be worn in the hair, at the waist, or pinned to an evening purse.

• Boutonnieres: worn by a man; generally worn on the lapel of a formal jacket or less formal suit coat; flowers are most often worn on the left lapel in or near the buttonhole; was to fasten the top button to shield the neck from wind and protect the body from cold; a single flower or small cluster of flowers.

What is a nestled boutonniere?

a flower within a flower

What is an epaulet corsage, glamelia corsage?

• Epaulet: over the shoulder corsage and they cascade down with small flowers at the end. 

• Glamellia: made from various sizes of gladiolus florets arranged in a way to resemble a camellia flower.

What is a football mum corsage?

Traditional for high school and college homecoming football games, dances, parades, and other festivities. Regional: that is, in some areas they are considered the ultimate status symbol, yet in other areas they are unknown. Designed with one, two, or three standard incurve chrysanthemum and a variety of long, cascading ribbons in the school's colors. Mechanics are all-important and everything must be wired and glued securely.

What are some other floral designs to wear?

Chaplets, lei's, corsages, wristlets. (Flowers for the hair; head wreath; lei; flowers to hold)

How is packaging important?

Packaged carefully to prevent moisture loss, protect the floral design, and provide an attractive presentation for the receiver.

_{packaging protects products from damage during storage or transportation}

In contrast to European styles of design, what characteristics have oriental floral arranging focused on?

Linear, asymmetrical balance to floral design. Beauty, importance, and symbolism through uncluttered lines and simple elegance. Require both thought and planning both for the floral elements and in the selection of appropriate vases and mechanical aides.

What is characteristic to Chinese arrangements?

Seasonal plant material

Contrast the Japanese style to the Chinese style.

• Chinese style is symbolic of nature though the use of a few flowers and interesting branches. Chinese arrangements sometimes appear less carefully planned than those of the Japanese. Unstructured, naturalistic designs require thought and planning on the part of the designer. Chinese floral arrangement uses the governing principle of yang and yin or the harmonious balance of opposites in nature. Harmonious mixture of vertical and horizontal line, as well as a pleasing balance of line and mass. Emphasis is on naturalism, not stylized design. Flowers and branches never appear tight. Chinese style reflects nature through luxurious abundance and elegance in plant material and containers.

• Japanese floral design is adapted from the Chinese style and is steeped in tradition and symbolism. *Highly stylized, and adheres to strict rules of construction.

Although there are many Japanese schools and styles, what is the philosophy they all share?

To depict and symbolize nature.

What is a tokonoma?

An alcove in a home in which a flower arrangement, a hanging scroll, and other art is displayed.

What does the word ikebana mean?

"Giving life to flowers". The art of Japanese floral arrangement.

Japanese flower arrangements can be divided into how many groups and what are the names?

Three groups:

• Classic Japanese Design-Ikenobo (formal)

• Naturalistic Japanese Design-Ohara (informal)

• Abstract Japanese Design-Sogetsu (freestyle)

Which style is known for using upright vases?

Nageire

Which style is known for using low, shallow containers?

Moribana

Define jiyu-bana. kubari, kenzan, moribana, tai, shin, soe, nageire, Ikebana, jiyu-bana, and shoka.

• Jiyu-bana: freestyle

• Kubari: forked twig

• Kenzan: pin Holder

• Moribana: piled up flowers

• Tai: earth

• Shin: heaven

• Soe: man

• Nageire: thrown in style

• Ikebana: giving life to flowers

• Jiyu-bana: freestyle

• Shoka: quiet flower

How are promotion, advertising, and networking important in the wedding business?

• Promotion: show and tell activity, displays remind customers of wedding flowers. You can stage a bridal show and highlight wedding products and services. THe shop becomes more visible to prospective brides.

• Advertising: communication through use of media. the more direct the advertising the better the results. Promote specific wedding things is important. You want to target brides. You can mail advertising and send info to brides. 

• Networking: interacting with related businesses to share information and services. Advertising together becomes less expensive. And you have access to more customers. Other companies include: salons, tuxedo shops, catering companies, jewelry stores, dept store bridal registries etc.

Name some qualifications necessary for a competent bridal consultant.

Experienced in sales and is knowledgeable about flowers, bouquet styles, ceremony and reception decorations and profitable pricing. The professionally trained one will be competent in color theory and planning in distinctive weddings. They will also stay up to date with bridal trends.

What are important items of discussion at the consultation?

Names, contact info, colors, container styles, venue, styles and flowers they like, photos of dresses and other wedding decorations, flowers for bride attendants and other bridal party and family, personal flowers, ceremony decorations, reception decorations, home flowers, rehearsal dinner flowers and other decorations.

Who typically pays for the bridal bouquet?

Traditionally the groom pays for the bride's bouquet.

Who historically pays for the other floral designs?

• Groom: Bride's bouquet, men's boutonnieres, and the mothers' and grandmothers' corsages

• Bride: Bridesmaids and flower girls' bouquets, groom's boutonniere, corsages for all females (except the mothers and grandmothers), and decorations for the ceremony and reception.

What is a going-away corsage?

A floral remembrance worn by a bride as she leaves with her husband for the honeymoon; sometimes a removable part of the bridal bouquet.

Know about traditional ceremony and reception decorations.

• Traditional ceremony: alter decorations( must have strong impact to focus the attention), Candelabra (candles adorned with flowers and ribbon on either side of the altar. provide a warm ambience), large potted plants or arrangements used to widen the area.Decorating the processional aisle completes the decoration. Bench or Pew decorations may be added on the ends or on chairs. Aislabra or aisle candelabra add formatilty to an evening ceremony. ( posts that hold a single candle enclosed in a glass hurricane cover, battery operated and adorned).A canopy may be desired. A chuppah is a traditional Jewish canopy. A wedding arch can be used and can frame members during the processional, ceremony and recessional.

• Reception decorations: flower accents for the cake, cake table, gift table, serving and buffet table, guest tables, head table, registration area. Arches, signs, frame the bride and groom. Setting for photos. At a sit down lunch or dinner there is a seperate table for the bridal party called the head table which has central decorations. Table skirt decorations are good accents along with garlands of ribbon. Receiving lines can be emphasized. Personal flowers are held by the party in the receiving lines. Rehearsal may need a small hand tied bouquet(s).

Name the traditional styles of bridal bouquets.

Colonial, cascade, crescent, arm clutch. Classic/traditional look: calla lilies, gardenias, stephanotis, orchids, trailing ivy in a classic cascade bouquet. You can also use conventional styles or contemporary styles. Favorites: colonial bouquet (round bouquet), cascade bouquet, crescent bouquet, hand tied bouquet, arm bouquet.

Name and describe the 3 various ways that bridal bouquets are constructed.

• 1. Flowers may be tied together with ribbon or string

• 2. Flowers may be individually wired and taped and then assembled together

• 3. Flowers may be inserted into floral foam holders.

Tell about some of the research results regarding sympathy flowers.

No one wants a funeral devoid of flowers, and that the presence of flowers eases worry and anxiety. Flowers help those who are grieving.

How have funeral flowers and customs changed in the last century?

In the early days of the floral industry, it was customary for people to send flowers at the time of death. It was not unusual for a flower shop to have hundreds of orders for a single funeral.

What are some historic sympathy designs?

• The empty chair: represents a missing individual and undying hope, as well as the loss of an authoritative person. 

• Broken heart/bleeding heart: a life interrupted. 

• Broken wheel with a missing spoke: symbolic of broken family ties. 

• Broken column: missing the top of the column symbolic of unfinished work. 

• Broken ladder with missing or broken rungs: interrupted ambition, particularly for a person in the prime of life. 

• Gates ajar: gates of heaven and a recently departed soul.

Tell about the effect of the phrase, “in lieu of flowers.”

"please omit flowers" The purpose of these promotional efforts was to influence people to make a memorial contribution to an organization instead of sending flowers. Many feel deprived of communicating sympathy with their choice of expression. SAF has recommended alternative phrases such as "As an expression of sympathy, including flowers and charitable contributions will be gratefully accepted".

Name the basic floral pieces that are commonly displayed at funerals.

• Casket flowers: casket spray, casket saddle, casket scarf, casket blanket or (pall), lid decorations, casket inserts, inset designs, floral cluster, nosegay, cross design, heart design, easel spray, standing spray, cage holder, wreaths, pillow designs, emblems, pedestal designs, papier mache containers, funeral baskets, fireside basket, dish gardens.

What are the various heart designs?

• Solid heart, broken heart: deep sadness at the loss of a loved one. Bleeding heart: when red roses are used in the cascading design on top of a solid white heart. 

• Open heart: similar to wreath.

What is a sympathy wreath symbolic of?

eternal life and never-ending love

What are the common complaints of funeral directors about the florist and floral tributes?

• Poor flower quality

• Instability of floral tributes

• Late delivery of flowers to the funeral home

• Unmarked tributes

• Not enough information on enclosure cards

• Wobbly containers

• Water leakage

Be familiar with these sympathy designs: wreath, open heart, solid heart, broken heart, pallbearer boutonnieres, rosary, pillow design, set piece, casket spray, and inset design.

• Wreath: A ring or twisted circular garland of leaves, flowers, or foliage used as a decoration or adornment. A symbol of eternal life and never-ending love. May be created on a variety of foundations. Popular and creative design approaches are to solidly cover a saturated wreath form with flowers; to cover the wreath form with ribbon and add an accent cluster of flowers; or to add floral accents to a vine or twig wreath.

• Open Heart: A heart design that is open in the middle, with negative space like a wreath; generally made as a funeral tribute in a variety of styles and sizes on wettable foam or Styrofoam ready-made forms. May be covered with flowers and may also include a flower cluster. A variation of the open heart is the double heart. For many it represents hearts bound eternally and the love and bond of generations. Help to reduce cost and make the designs more affordable.

• Solid Heart: Also called a closed heart or covered heart. A general term for a funeral tribute or set piece made in the shape of a heart, with no open spaces (in contrast to an open heart with negative space in the center), and made of the same material throughout, such as a solid covering of pink carnations. A variety of foam forms and sizes are available to serve as the foundation for making solid heart designs. Requires many flowers and much time to construct. Flower stems are cut short and poked into wettable foam, or flower heads may be glued or wired onto a hard form.

• Broken Heart: An emotionally expressive funeral tribute that was popular in the early 1900s; a solid heart form covered with white flowers with a zigzag or cracked line of red flowers, dividing the heart in two, symbolic of intense loss and grief in the loss of a loved one.

• Pallbearer: One of the people chosen to attend to or carry the casket at a funeral. Generally, pallbearers are recognized with a boutonniere.

• Boutonnieres: A single flower or cluster of flowers worn by a man on the lapel of a formal jacket or less formal suit coat.

• Rosary: A floral replica of the Catholic symbol of faith. Fresh flowers, usually rosebuds, are inserted into the rosary string in place of traditional beads. Customarily, the rosary is draped inside the casket lid during visitation services and then moved to the top of the casket, once the lid is closed for the funeral services.

• Pillow Design: "Pillow of comfort". An emotionally expressive set piece that gained popularity in the early 1900s and in some areas is still commonly displayed at viewings and funerals. Symbolic of peace, comfort, and eternal rest, as well as family, love, home, and God's watchful care. Flowers, ribbon, and fabric may be attached to a pillow form or frame in a variety of ways. Constructed using hard or wettable foam forms. Often trimmed with pleated ribbon and lace. Script often added to the center of the pillow to indicate the relationship to the deceased.

• Set Piece: A funeral design that has a certain shape, usually made on a foam form, decorated with flowers, and placed on an easel; examples include hearts, crosses, and emblem tributes.

• Casket Spray: A floral arrangement that is placed on top of the casket during a funeral service. Generally the most beautiful and elaborate of all the floral designs displayed at the funeral service. May be designed in a variety of shapes and sizes. Elaborate, showy pieces. Designed according to the casket the family has selected. The immediate family members of the deceased person usually select the floral design to adorn the top of the casket.

• Inset design: lid decoration aka inset designs as well as lid pieces or lid insets. Small floral pieces designed to be displayed inside the casket during visitations services. Traditionally, children or grandchildren send these designs. Must be constructed very well.

Hook Wiring:

Generally reserved for chrysanthemums and other flowers with flattened heads lacking a visible calyx. A hook or shepherd's crook is formed on one end of a wire. the straight end of the wire is poked into the center of the disc portion of the flower head. As it is pulled downward, the hook catches itself inside the flower to help support the flower and strengthen and lengthen the stem.

Hairpin Wiring

Uses fine wire to support fragile and tiny florets that cannot be wired using other wiring methods. The straight wire is shaped into a U-shape. Both ends are inserted into the top center of a floret. Offers support and makes a new stem. Allows more versatility in using individual blossoms in design pieces. Highly efficient in wiring other plant materials.

Insertion Wiring:

Similar to hook wiring and pierce wiring, except the wire does not poke all the way out the other side of the stem. The straight end of the wire is lined up parallel to the stem and inserted directly into the underside of the flower. Used for single composite blossoms. Used to strengthen many types of flowers and is efficient in giving the flower head support and lengthening the stem.

Wrap-Around Wiring:

Filler flowers and small clusters of tiny mass flowers are often wired using this method. An easy method of grouping delicate stems and petite flowers together quickly for use in designs. Wire is wrapped around all the tiny stems to secure them together and form a new single cluster. Also sometimes called clutch wiring because the cluster that is newly formed looks like a miniature, simple, or casual gathering of flowers reminiscent of a clutch bridal bouquet.

Cross Wiring:

For flowers with unique shape or stem thickness, also called cross-pierce wiring. Uses two wires that are inserted into the stem just below the flower. Generally, one wire is a medium weight gauge and offers support for the flower and stem. The second wire is poked into the stem perpendicular to the first wire. It can be the same gauge as the first wire, or it can be finer to help keep a moistened cotton or tissue in place. Cross-wiring with moistened cotton on the stem end is recommended for many types of orchids, as well as for lilies and gardenias.

_{Stitch-Wiring:}

_{Individual leaves of camellia, ivy, salal, and other broad-leaf foliage can be wired to lengthen stems and provide support using stitch-wiring. Similar to making a stitch with a needle and thread, but instead a fine wire is used.}

_{Pierce Wiring:}

Most common method of wiring roses, carnations, and other similarly shaped flowers. Uses a straight wire that is pierced or poked through the stem.

Moribana:

Piled-up flowers" General term applied to naturalistic Japanese arrangements in shallow or low, flat containers. Informal, casual, and free of exacting rules. Placed in low, shallow containers to create a natural landscape scene. The foreground, middle ground, and distance lines are established with seasonal plant materials. Often the landscape or garden scene is made of colorful, short-stemmed flowers grouped by type or often surrounded by a pool of water. Plant material is often placed in a pin holder or in floral foam that is secured into the vase.

Rikka (rikkwa):

Literal translation: standing flowers. One of the oldest forms of Japanese flower arrangement. A large, complex form of arrangement with a kaleidoscopic view of a landscape, often used to adorn temple altars. Ancient temple style of Japanese flower arrangements. Introduced as religious offerings. Depict scenes of nature by using a great variety of standing plant material. Generally massive, pyramidal, and symmetrical.

Shin:

Applied by most schools to the main branch, commonly called heaven, in a Japanese flower arrangement. Also used to designate the formal arrangement of several classical methods. Tallest background element. Represents the distant view of nature and is depicted by the use of large tree branches in the background of the design.(Subject line)

Soe:

Literal translation: harmonizer. Applied to secondary branch, commonly called man, in most methods of Japanese flower arrangement. The supporting branch in rikka arrangements. The secondary line of the design, represents the middle view of nature. It is represented by placements of low shrubs in front of the trees. (Secondary line)

Tai:

Literal translation: material substance. Term applied by most teacher to earth line in classical forms and some naturalistic arrangements. The tertiary branch of the asymmetrical shoka style. The close view, the tertiary line of the design and is depicted with small flowers and other plant material in the foreground of the arrangement.(Object line)

Shoka (seika):

The three-branch asymmetrical, classical form of flower arrangement as practiced by the Ikenobo school."Quiet flowers" style. Asymmetrical triangle design based on three main elements adapted from the three main structural elements used in rikka styles of arrangement. Also known as seika. A name given to the classical forms of Japanese arrangement consisting of a basic asymmetrical triangular shape with three main branches symbolizing heaven, man, and earth.

Yang:

In Chinese philosophy, refers to the masculine, dominant, sturdy, and strong principle or force in the universe, as well as the origin of light and heat, representing day, summer, and the sun. Chinese floral arrangements often display a dominant, upright (vertical) yang element, such as evergreen and other tree branches, bamboo, shrubs, and fully open flowers, contrasted with and complementary to a subordinate yin element.

Yin:

In Chinese philosophy, refers to the feminine, delicate, and fragile principle or force in the universe, as well as the night, dark, winter, and the moon. Chinese floral arrangements will often incorporate the use of a more delicate, horizontal, or drooping element of tight buds, delicate flowers, blossoms, and grasses, representing yin, contrasted with and complementary to a dominant yang element.

Kubari:

The Japanese term for a forked twig used as a flower fastener in a taller container for classical Japanese designs.

Kenzan:

The Japanese term for a needlepoint holder used in low bowls. Pin holder used in construct designs

Nageire (heika):

"Thrown in" A loose, naturalistic style of Japanese arrangement of Ikenobo. General term for arrangements in tall vases or baskets. Incorporates curving lines rather than the traditional rigid triangular shapes. Known for using tall upright vases with curved stems, creating the traditional asymmetrical triangle. Imply a more natural and less confined presentation of flowers.

Matching section: Chaplet:

floral wreath of garland for the head. often worn by young flower girls. In olden days they coordinated them with their gowns.

Hook wiring:

generally reserved for chrysanthemums, asters, daises, gerberas and other flowers with flattened heads lacking a visible calyx. A shepherd crook is formed on one end.

Stitch wiring:

Individual leaves of camellia, ivy, salal, and other broadleaf foliage can be wired to lengthen stems and provide support using stitch wiring. It is similar to making a stitch with a needle and thread but instead a fine wire is used.

Nested/nestled flowers:

smaller flowers such as sweetheart roses, carnation buds, or tiny clusters of statice or other fillers, can be inserted in to the center of a carnation. They are settled into a position that seems comfortable and safe within a cushion of another flower. Often requested for proms, homecomings and special occasions.

Lei:

originates in Hawaii and is a garland or wreath of flowers generally worn around the shoulders about the neck. vary greatly according to flowers, foliage and assembly. Simple ones may be made with carnations.

Over the shoulder corsage

a floral arrangement designed to be worn on the shoulder, rather than pinned to the bodice or wrist

Wreath:

The wreath bouquet is symbolic of the wedding ring and never ending love and is generally made on a wire ring in an appropriate size for the bride and her attendants.All flowers and foliage used are generally wired and tape and then attached to the ring. Foliage strands are often intertwined, providing a fuller, more natural appearance.

Toss:

throw bouquet in matching colors for the bride to throw to the unmarried young women following the ceremony or reception.

Shower:

large heavy wedding bouquets with numerous ribbon streamers called shower bouquets were popular. Influenced by Victorian era.

Prayer Book:

or Bible Bouquet is a sentimental floral design reflecting solemn thoughts of faith. For this style and to prevent water damage, flowers must be wired and taped and then assembled into an accent or mini cascade bouquet. It can be anchored or tied to the book. used in the early 1900s.

Parasoul:

Brides who seek a novel bouquet for a garden or other outdoor wedding sometimes select a parasol bouquet. Some can be carried close while others are carried over the shoulder in a fully open position.

Pomander:

a specialty bouquet that is sometimes made for brides, bridesmaids, and flower girls. Also called a flower ball, or kissing ball, more commonly ordered for winter weddings. It is a ball shaped sphere highly fragrant hanging from a ribbon, cord or rope.

Nosegay:

Similar to the colonial bouquet, used in the English-Georgian and Victorian periods. They are round.

Muff:

Generally reserved for the winter months, the muff bouquet is usually the choice for an informal marriage, a small wedding, or any ceremony in which the bride wears a wintery gown and cape or a suit. It is created like a corsage and pinned to the muff. It is a high fashion approach to a bridal bouquet.

Hand-tied:

or clutch bouquet is a casual gathering of blossoms to position with ribbon or string. It is the most natural bouquet. A natural garden appearance handle of ribbon can be decorated.

Fan:

Fans may be decorated with flowers and used as a fan bouquet. Flowers are generally wired and taped and assembled into a bouquet similar to an exaggerated corsage. Foam holders are also available. They have a variety of cascading floral treatments or smaller floral accents.

Arm:

Arm bouquet also called presentation bouquet and queens bouquet is more natural, but luxurious. Similar to a gathering of flowers that gives the appearance of being picked from the garden and placed in the arm.