Macro Exam 1: In Depth

Secretin

Made in S cells of the duodenum

Stimulate bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in small intestine

Stimulates acidic chyme

Pancreatic Amylase

From pancreas to small intestine

Turns starch to maltose

CCK stimulation in small intestine

CCK

From I cells of small intestine Stimulates

Stimulate gallbladder secretion to metabolize FA and AA in small intestine

Sphincter of Oddi

Gallbladder-Oddi-stomach

Ilieosecal sphincter

Ilium-ileosecal-secum

Gastroesophogeal Spincter

Esophagus-gastroesophogeal- stomach

Pyloric Sphincter

Stomach-pyloric-duodenum

Microvilli in brush boarder lined with _____ that absorbs nutrients in the ______ ________

Mucous, small inestine

Deficiencies common in RYBC (irreversible)

Zinc, Copper, Iron

HCL is secreted from the ______ to break down peptide bonds by activating pepsinogen to pepsin

Stomach

Pancreatic juice is made of,,,,

Water, bicarbonate (neutralize) , enzymes

Lean twin microbiome

Better fermentation, lower BW

Obese twin microbiome

BCAA increases, higher expression

First 3 years of life babies need to focus on what three nutrients for a healthy microbiome?

Fiber, oligosaccharides, pre/probiotics; breast milk>formula

Peptic ulcers

Erosion in the mucosa and submucosa layers of stomach, duodenum, lower esophagus

Caused by H. Pylori

Leptin

Secreted in adipose tissue and signals to the brain to stop eating

Ghrelin

Secreted in the stomach to the brain to tell its elf its hungry

Bile is made of…

Bile salts and salts along with cholesterol, phospholipids, water, bicarbonate

What gives bile its green-yellow color and stool its brown color?

Bilirubin from the blood to the liver

Carbohydrate absorption

Begins in the duodenum, lasts a few hours, continues thru jejunem and ileum

Methods of CHO absorption

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Prebiotics

Break down to butryic acid that can be used as food for bacteria

Probiotics produce…

Pyruvate and lactic acid

Enteric nervous system

Digestive nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

The part of the nervous system being used; has parasympathetic and sympathetic

Sympathetic

Stimulate fight or flight, motility, slows digestion

Parasympathetic

Stimulate digestion and secretion

Colon absorbs…

Na, Cl, H2O

Bile is absorbed thru the ____ back to the liver thru the portal vein

Ilium

Folds of Kerkring

Large, transverse ridge in mucus membrane (small intestine)

Crypts of lieberkuhn

Tube like glands in epithelial lining of both the small intestine and colon

Goblet cells

Secret protective mucks to lubricate

Bile acid sequestration

Lower LDL in blood to lower concentration in bile

Pancreatitis

Gallston/alcohol causes digestive enzymes to leak into the blood resulting in lipase and amylase in the blood and inflammation

Slow gastric emptying

Starches, complex carbs, fiber

Intrinsic factor

A special protein made by the stomach to absorb B12

Myenteric plexus

Peristalsis and digestive movement

Submucosal plexus

Absorption of nutrients

Cephalic phase

Brain signals to stomach to release stomach acid and enzyme

Gastric phase

Dissension of food in stomach (chemoreceptors) to release Gastrin to speed up digestion

Intestinal phase

Inhibitory phase for hormones like secretin and CCK to slow acid and stomach emptying into small intestine

Houstral contraction

Squeezes in pouches for 30 min in large intestine

Segmentation

Back and forth in small intestine

Peristalsis

Wave like contraction in small intestine

Mass movement

Huge wave contraction from transverse colon to the rectim

What stimulates HCL secretion in the stomach

Histamine