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Uniformitarianism
The principle that geological processes occurring now have been occurring throughout Earth's history.
Plate Tectonics
The unifying theory of geology explaining the movement of Earth's lithosphere as tectonic plates.
Diverging Plate Boundaries
Zones where tectonic plates are moving away from each other, often producing new rock and causing earthquakes.
Converging Plate Boundaries
Zones where tectonic plates collide, often resulting in subduction and the formation of volcanic arcs.
Transform Plate Boundaries
Zones where tectonic plates slide past one another horizontally, leading to lateral fault systems.
Seafloor Spreading
The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and gradually moves away.
Lithosphere
The rigid outer layer of the Earth, composed of the crust and upper mantle, divided into tectonic plates.
Earthquake
A sudden and intense shaking of the ground, caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
Volcanic Arc
A chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate, associated with converging plate boundaries.
Mass Conservation
The principle that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions, foundational in chemistry.
