Avit 309 Block 1

According to FAA experts, what percentage of Aviation Accidents are caused by human influence?

60%-80%

When the US miliary first invested time and resources into Aviation training, what number of pilots died from pilot error out of the first 100 fatalities?

90 Pilots

What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?

Royal Aeronautical Society; 1866

According to NASA’s studies of loss of control in-flight accidents, what percentage occurred from an aircrew’s inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?

46%

How much does temperature decrease per 1000 feet as we ascend into the atmosphere.

3.5 Degrees Fahrenheit

Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?

The top of the troposphere, otherwise known as the tropopause.

Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?

Below 10,000 feet.

How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude?

18.4 days per mile of altitude.

To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize?

10,000 feet.

What is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?

Nitrogen - 78%

Oxygen - 21%

What altitudes apply to the zone of physiological efficiency?

Sea Level to 10,000 feet.

What altitudes apply to the physiological deficient zone?

10,000 feet to 50,000 feet.

Where does the space equivalent zone begin?

50,000 feet.

What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at sea level?

159 mmhg

What physiological issue does Boyle’s law apply to?

Trapped Gas.

What physiological issue does Henry’s law apply to?

Evolved Gas.

What physiological issue does Charles’s law apply to?

Pressure Gauge Fluctuation.

What physiological issue does Graham’s law apply to?

Respiration.

What physiological issue does Dalton’s law apply to?

Hypoxia.

What is the basic definition of respiration?

An exchange of gasses between a living organism and its environment.

Proper Oxygenation of what cells in the respiration process are most important for aviators?

Brain Cells/Neurons

Primary Control from Respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?

Carbon Dioxide.

Secondary Control from Respiration in human is regulated by what gas?

Oxygen.

T/F: Human Respiration can be Voluntarily Controlled.

True

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream called?

Alveoli.

What are the four phases of respiration?

Ventilation

Respiration

Transportation

Utilization

What cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system?

Red Blood Cells.

What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process?

Hemoglobin.

What four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment?

Oxygen

Nutrition

Rest

Hydration

What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?

Cognition.

What are the four types of hypoxia?

Hypoxic

Histotoxic

Hypemic

Stagnant

Which type of hypoxia relates to altitude?

Hypoxic Hypoxia.

Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hypemic Hypoxia.

T/F: Hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet.

True.

Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?

Below 60%.

Alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?

Histotoxic Hypoxia.

T/F: The effects of medications may exacerbate effects of hypoxia at altitude.

True

What three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runway event?

Isolate

Extinguish

Cool

Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?

Stagnant Hypoxia.

What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?

Insidious Onset.

T/F: A lack of nutrition may effect an individual’s lack of effective performance time.

True.

What is the first step that someone should take in treating hypoxia of any type?

Get on 100% Oxygen

Is it always possible to descend down to 10,000 feet in an emergency?

No. Terrain and other obstacles may exist.

T/F: Effective Performance Times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude.

False.

Do more hypoxia accidents and incidents occur above or below 10,000 feet?

Below 10,000 feet.

How many breaths per minute does the average human maintain?

12-20 Breaths per minute.

T/F: The lost oxygen occurring from breathing too fast causes hyperventilation.

False, it is the loss of carbon dioxide.

What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?

Emotions.

Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?

Oxygen.

T/F: The subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia.

True.

T/F: Pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia.

True.

What type of pilot response is best used in extreme stress events?

Conditioned or Muscle Memory.

Which gas law applies to trapped gas issues in aviators?

Boyle’s Law

What are the common areas of trapped gas in humans?

Ears

Sinuses

GI Tract

Teeth

Lungs

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on ascent?

Teeth and GI tract.

What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on descent?

Ears and Sinuses.

What pathway effects the middle ear with the throat?

Eustachian Tube.

T/F: Ear blocks are always accompanied by pain.

False.

What is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block?

Valsava.

Should Vasoconstrictors sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?

No, emergency use only.

What is the best way to clear GI gas.

Pass Flatus or Belch on Ascent.

What is the gas expansion ratio at flight level 250?

3x that of sea level.

What is the best way to avoid ear and sinus blocks in flight?

Do not fly with a cold.

Which law dictates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders?

Henry’s Law.

Which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas disorders?

Nitrogen.

What is the critical risk value above which evolved gas issues are prevalent?

1.5.

For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?

FL180.

Which type of DCS is most likely to occur in aviators?

Type I DCS.

Which type of DCS is most likely to be life treatening?

Type II DCS.

Which presentation of DCS is most likely to occur in aviators?

The Bends.

Which presentation of DCS is the least likely to occur and also the most dangerous?

The Chokes.

Doing what prior to flight increases the probability of DCS exponentially?

Scuba Diving.

What is the #1 Step in the treatment of suspected DCS?

Get on 100% oxygen.

What aircraft system provides the best prevention measure against DCS?

Pressurization.

What medical professional should be standing by to receive DCS patients?

An AME.

What are the four presentations of DCS?

Bends

Skin

Chokes

CNS

T/F: A pilot may be comfortable if maintanance checked their oxygen mask prior to flight.

False.

Physiologically supplemental oxygen should be used?

10,000 feet.

Which two forms of oxygen storage systems are found onboard civilian aircraft?

Gaseous and Chemical

Is it safe to use petroleum based products around 100% oxygen?

No.

What are three types of aircraft oxygen delivery systems?

Continuous Flow

Diluter Demand

Pressure Demand

What is the purpose of pressure demand regulators?

To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level.

T/F: A smoke hood should always be used before a pilot dons an oxygen mask.

False.

For part 91 flight operations above what altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?

14,000 feet.

What is the SCREAM check?

Preflight and in-flight check of aircraft oxygen system.

T/F: Ground crews, flight crews, and passengers may be a source of toxic fumes.

True.

What on the aircraft is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere?

The catalytic ozone converter.

What three mechanisms contribute to contaminants in aircraft?

External, Internal, Aircraft systems.

According to the FAA, what is the timeframe in which aircraft should be evacuated following an aircraft crash?

90 Seconds.

What is the most common chemical product of incomplete combustion?

Carbon Monoxide.

Carbon Monoxide has a greater affinity for hemoglobin over oxygen by:

250 Times.

What is the most dangerous gas aviators could potentially be exposed to?

Cyanide.

What is a critical first step for aviators to take when dealing with toxic fumes events?

Respect the Emergency and Protect you lungs.