E. PSYCHO DEVELOPMENT

Psychotherapy

An intervention that aims to bring the unconscious into consciousness through a therapist-led session.

Free Association

Encouraging the patient to speak freely to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Dream Analysis

Interpreting the patient's dreams to reveal hidden unconscious desires and conflicts.

Transference

The unconscious projection of feelings about significant others onto the therapist for analysis.

Countertransference

The therapist's unconscious emotional reaction toward the patient, often influenced by the therapist's own past experiences.

Oral Stage

0-1 year; the mouth, lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations.

Oral Stage — Key Activity

Sucking is the most stimulating activity.

Oral Stage — Fixation

If oral needs are not met, behaviors may include thumb sucking, finger biting, pencil chewing, smoking, and overeating.

Anal Stage

1-3 years; the anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations.

Anal Stage — Key Activity

Toilet training and bowel elimination are the most important activities.

Anal Stage — Fixation

Toilet training that is too early or too late may lead to an anal-retentive personality or an anal-expulsive personality.

Phallic Stage

3-6 years; the penis is the most important body part and children become aware of sexual differences.

Castration Anxiety

A boy's unconscious fear of losing his penis, associated with his desire for his mother and fear of punishment from his father.

Penis Envy

A girl's sense of discontent and resentment from wishing she had a penis.

Oedipus Complex

A boy's sexual desire for his mother and hostility toward his father.

Electra Complex

A girl's sexual desire for her father and hostility toward her mother; associated with Carl Jung.

Identification with Same-Sex Parent

The resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex through identification with the same-sex parent.

Superego

The moral component of personality that develops as the child resolves the phallic stage.

Latency Stage

6-12 years; sexual instincts temporarily die down and the superego develops.

Latency Stage — Social Development

Children acquire new social values from adults and peers outside the family.

Genital Stage

12+ years; sexual desires become focused on others and mature sexual relationships develop.

Genital Stage — Successful Outcome

Mature sexuality, marriage, and childrearing.

Id

Babies tend to be all id at birth; as individuals mature, the ego and superego develop.

Psychosocial Theory

A theory by Erik Erikson proposing that personality development is a lifelong process through eight stages.

Erik Erikson

Key psychologist associated with psychosocial theory and the eight stages of personality development.

Psychosocial Development

Each stage involves a psychosocial crisis, and the outcome of each stage is influenced by the outcome of previous stages.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy; babies need a caregiver they can trust. Mnemonic: Babies.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlerhood; children develop independence and control over their actions. Mnemonic: Bots → roBOTS are autonomous.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool; children begin initiating activities and developing purpose. Mnemonic: Building → you need initiative to build something.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Gradeschool; children develop competence through productive activities and learning. Mnemonic: Buckets → mass-produced in an industry.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence; individuals develop a clear sense of identity. Mnemonic: Blue → blue is an identifier.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adulthood; individuals seek close relationships and intimacy. Mnemonic: Bored → being bored may lead to isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adulthood; individuals contribute to society and care for the next generation. Mnemonic: Blessed → blessed people are generous.

Integrity vs. Despair

Older adulthood; individuals reflect on their lives and develop a sense of fulfillment or despair. Mnemonic: Bears.