History 102 Exam 1

Renaissance

Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement that emerges after the end of the Middle Ages. "rebirth"

Medieval Church

Church develops as an institution to dictate orthodoxy and govern faith.

Criticism of the Church

Reformation was not first time Church was criticized,

Christendom

religion; community of Christians

Italy

Where the Renaissance begins, Where the Habsburg-Valois War was fought, special connection to classical past, had the money to support artists and ideas and start the renaissance, Ancient Roman republic serves as model for Italian city states Renaissance republic

Florence

Very wealthy, thanks mostly to the Medici family

Medici

Major banker family in Florence, gain enormous power/influence during late medical crisis, become de facto political leaders in Florence

Individualism

Major part of the Renaissance, deals with the potential of mankind, optimistic about what people can achieve and abilities of man, faith in the idea that man created in the image of God

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Humanism

Intellectual movement based on study and imitation of classical World, emphasis on grammar, history, literature, Latin. Attention to original classical texts, getting back to original sources

Christian Humanists

emphasizes the humanity of Jesus, his social teachings and his propensity to synthesize human spirituality and materialism.

Patrons/patronage

patrician merchants and bankers, popes and princes, who supported the arts as a means of glorifying themselves and their families (Act of being a Patron)

Printing Press

Created by Johannes Gutenberg, first book printed-Gutenberg Bible, Facilitates the spread of ideas

The Papacy

the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of Peter to the present day. During the Early Church, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal power until the time of Constantine.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446) Dome of Florence Cathedral

Alchemy

medieval chemistry; attempt to change base metal into gold

Heliocentric view of the universe

Sun is the center of the universe - Copernicus

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian artist and scientist, studied the natural world around him (realism, emotion, naturalism), studied the human body, interest in proportion, perspective, inventions, attempts to relute man to nature

Desiderius Erasmus

Studied theology and the University of Paris, helped develop Christian humanism, wrote critical edition of the New Testament (returned to original Greek and Hebrew sources), very aware of problems in the Church, wrote Praise of Folly (condemning popular religious belief of his generation), advised Christians to read the bible themselves instead of having it read to them by priests

Thomas More

Christian humanist by loyal to Catholic Church, served Henry VIII as Lord Chancellor

Charles V

Holy roman emperor of Germany, in war with Francis I because both had dynastic claims to land in Italy

Francis I

King of France, had dynastic claims to land in Italy, suppressed Protestantism

Henry VIII

King of England, needs a male heir, issues the Act of Supremacy, creates Anglican Church

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

Habsburg-Valois Wars

(1521-1544), Fought in Italy, between Francis I and Charles V off and on in several stages, Treaty of Crepy finally ends the war, they both relinquish claims in Italy, agree to supress Protestantism together, agreed to turn attention towards the reformation

Warfare technology

Infantry replacing heavy mounted knights, canons and improved muskets

Warfare effects

Sizes of armies growing drastically, begin to rely on hired mercenaries, move away from Medieval reliance on knights (trained, have experience, have necessary equipment), begin to accept average people in the army (conscripts and volunteers, not trained, lack of discipline)

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Sacraments

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

Devotio moderna

"modern devotion"

Brethren of the Common Life

Promote the Devotio moderna, stressed a personal relationship between individuals and Christ

Martin Luther

Son of German family, studied to be a lawyer. Has a conversion and becomes a monk, feels as if something isn't right about his vocation, believes in justification by faith alone, dissatisfied with Church over abuse of indulgences, posts copy of 95 Theses to door of Church in Wittenberg

95 Theses

Written by Martin Luther, main critique of indulgences, writes "it is foolish to think that papal indulgences...can absolve a man." Text rapidly copied, translated and printed, spreads across Germany and starts the Protestant Reformation

Johann Tetzel

Dominican friar, starts selling indulgences in Germany to finance construction of church in Rome

Diet of Worms

(1521), assembly of Lords and Holy Roman Emperor to discuss and make important decisions, Luther summoned by HRE Charles V to discuss dissident views on Church, Issues Edict of Worms, denounces Luther and his followers

Edit of Worms

denounces Luther and his followers, Luther realizes there will be no reforming of the Church from within, decides a break from the Church is the only way to heal Church

Martin Guerre

A French peasant living in the 16th century who was at the center of a famous case of imposture. Several years after he had left village, leaving his wife and child behind, a man claiming to be Guerre reappeared. The man lived with Guerre's wife and son for three years, but was eventually suspected of being an impostor, and was tried and then executed when the real Guerre returned during the trial.

Praise of Folly

Written by Desiderius Erasmus, condemns popular religious belief of his generation (incl worship of Virgin Mary)

Justification by Faith

Martin Luther, no need for good works for salvation, only faith alone.

Indulgences

people paying money to the church for their sins to be lessen or to go away completely

Purgatory

A place of temporary punishment

Treasury of Merit

the merits of Jesus Christ and his faithful, a treasury that because of the communion of saints benefits others too.

Iconoclasm

Some Protestants practiced, the destroying of sacred images, art etc. in churches

Transubstantiation

The belief that the bread and wine of the Eucharist became body and blood of Christ

Predestination

John Calvin believed in, God preordains who would be saved (the "Elect) and who would be damned

Priesthood of all Believers

Main tenet of Protestantism, all Christian individuals responsible for their own salvation, an individual has the ability to communicate directly with God, no need for an ordained priesthood

Peasants War in Germany

(1524), German peasants circulate the Twelve Articles, use Luther's vocabulary of religious reform to their own non-religious grievances, link Protestantism with revolution, Luther appalled his ideas are being used for violence, rebellion suppressed

Peace of Augsburg

(1555), Establishes Lutheranism as a legitimate alternative to Catholicism, German lords would define their territories as either Lutheran or Catholic, does not allow other types of Protestantism, just Lutheranism. Opened door for Protestantism in all its forms to spread across Europe, church fractured

Twelve Articles

List of peasants' demands, ex: lower taxes, access to fishing/hunting grounds, free serfs.

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of reform in Switzerland, influenced by Erasmus, becomes a priest in Zulrich..............NOT FINSIHED

John Calvin

Publishes the institutes of the Christian Religious, develops Protestant ideas that becomes Calvinism, believes in predestination

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Totally depravity..man is corrupted by sin, God is all-powerful but also merciful, predestination

Anabaptists

Type of Protestantism, redical

Huguenots

French calvinists

Defense of the Seven Sacraments

is a theological treatise from 1521, written by King Henry VIII of England. started to write it in 1519 while he was reading Martin Luther's attack on indulgences

English Reformation

a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Catherine of Aragon

was the Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Henry's elder brother Arthur.

Anne Boleyn

Henrys ex wife, who conceives after divorce so Henry divorces Catherine of Aragon to get by back Boleyn for heir

Church of England

Creates Anglican Church, declares King of England as head of Church, English monarch is not the "only supreme head on earth of the Church of England", recognized as the start of Protestant reformation in England

Act of Supremacy

Issued by Henry VIII, creates Anglican Church, declares King of England as head of Church, start of Protestant Reformation in England

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Queen Mary

(Bloody Mary)(Married to Philip II) attempted to restore England to Roman Catholicism burned hundreds at the stake, including Thomas Cramer

Elizabeth I

This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England. She united Protestants and Catholics

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury, annuls Henry's marriage to Catherine

Book of Common Prayer

the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship in the Episcopal Church

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.

Council of Trent

Ecumenical council to respond to Protestantism and potential internal reform, Two main outcomes...reaffirming orthodoxy and inviting internal reform

Spanish Inquisition

To maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain against perceived threats (Jews, heretics, etc)

Cardinal Ximenez

Statesmen and Clergyman in Spain, Brings humanism to Spain, Works on Polyglot Bible, Begins reforming the Catholic Church from within

Society of Jesus

founded by Ignatius de Loyola, followers called Jesuits, loyal and committed to Catholicism and the papacy

Ignatius de Loyola

Founds Society of Jesus, believed humanist education was key to stopping Protestantism, jesuits known for tole as educators with incredible schools, missionaries across world, spread Catholicism to New World and East

Philip II

was King of Spain (1556-98), King of Portugal (1581-98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and during his marriage to Queen Mary I (1554-58) jure uxoris King of England and Ireland. He was also Duke of Milan. From 1555, he was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands.

Wars of Religion

between Guises (Catholic) and Bourbon (Huguenot), continues off and on for 10 years

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

After decade of conflict, Bourbons and Guises finally make peace, agree to a wedding between allies..Catherine de Medici's daughter and Henry of Navarre, Dissident Catholics convince King Charles IX it's a trap, the groom escapes

Edict of Nantes

Issued by King Henry IV of France after groom escapes, ends the French War of Religion, introduces religious tolerance into France

Spanish Armada

was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

Thirty Years' War

a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history,[16] and the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.

Peace of Westphalia

a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster effectively ending the European wars of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.

New World

Christopher Columbus

discovers New World in 1492, views New World as territory for claiming for Spain, kicks off quest for European expansion in West, begins settlement of colonies in New World, Spain and other European power begin racing West

Treaty of Tordesillas

signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 league west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa

Ferdinand Magellan

a Portuguese explorer who organised the Castilian (Spanish) expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth by Juan Sebastián Elcano.

Aztecs

a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and warriors who successfully conquered much of America in the 16th century. Hernán Cortés, in 1519, led 400 men against Aztec Mexico, eventually conquering the capital city of Tenochtitlán (now Mexico City).

Hernando Cortes

a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

African slave trade

Atlantic Triangular Trade

Mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Joint-stock companies

Granted a charter by King James I in 1606, the Virginia Company was a joint-stock company created to establish settlements in the New World. This is a seal of the Virginia Company, which established the first English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.

Piracy

hijacking ships; stealing

Cosimo de Medici

Expands medici bank, begins using enormous wealth to fund artists, architects

Lorenzo de Medici

Committed Patron on the Arts, financed and supported artists and intellectuals, Renaissance style and ideas soon spread across Italy and rest of Western Europe

Civic Humanism

Originates in Italy, applies humanists skills in politics

Christian humanism

Originates in Northern Europe, applies humanists teachings to religious study

Reaffirming Orthodoxy in Council of Trent

scriptural and tradition were authorities, Christians needed faith and good works for salvation, all 7 sacraments and transubstantiation, belief in power of saints and virgin mary, clerical/institutional hierarchy

Inviting internal reform in Council of Trent

banned selling of indulgences, measures to end clerical abuse and corruption

Polyglot Bible

Version of Bible that contains different translation side by side for comparison

14th century crisis

time period of major famine, population decline,