Unit 2: Pliny’s Letters: Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius: Reading 2.1: Letter 6.16.1–12

accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum

verb, to go to, come to, come near, draw near, approach, enter

altum, -i, n.

noun, height; high sky; deep sea

appareo, -ere, -parui, -paritum

verb, to appear, come in sight, make an appearance

area, -ae, f.

noun, ground, dry land, open space

avunculus, -i, m.

noun, maternal uncle, mother's brother

caelum, -i, n.

noun, sky, heaven, heavens, vault of heaven

celebro, -are, -avi, -atum

verb, to celebrate, perform; frequent; honor; publicize; discuss

cinis, cineris, m.

noun, ashes

cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum

verb, to come into being, spring up, arise, be born, grow

cunctor, -ari, -atus sum

verb, to delay, linger, loiter; hesitate, doubt

densus, -a, -um

adjective, thick, close, compact, dense, crowded

egredior, egredi, egressus sum

verb, to go out, come forth, march out, go away

equidem

adverb, truly, indeed, certainly, by all means, of course, to be sure

exitus, -us, m.

noun, going out, exit, departure; end, conclusion, death

figura, -ae, f.

noun, form, shape, figure

flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum

verb, to bend, bow, curve, turn, turn round

forte

adverb, by chance, by accident

Gaius, -i, m.

noun, (proper) Gaius, a Roman male name (praenomen) abbreviated C.

gaudium, -i, n.

noun, joy, gladness, delight

ibi

adverb, in that place, there; on the spot, then, thereupon

immineo, -ere, -minui

verb, to project over, lean toward, hang down over, overhang, loom (over), threaten

incertus, -a, -um

adjective, not fixed, unsettled, undetermined; hesitating, undecided, doubtful, at a loss

incido, -ere, incidi, incasum

verb, to fall in, fall, light, strike, reach, find the way

interdum

adverb, sometimes, occasionally, now and then

ira, -ae, f.

noun, anger, wrath, rage, ire, passion, indignation

Italia, -ae, f.

noun, (proper) Italy

labor, laboris, m.

noun, labor, toil, exertion

laetus, -a, -um

adjective, happy, joyful, cheerful, glad, delighted, full of joy

lapis, lapidis, m.

noun, stone

lex, legis, f.

noun, law, bill, regulation, principle, rule

liber, libri, m.

noun, bark of a tree; paper, book

malum, -i, n.

noun, an evil, mischief, misfortune, calamity

maxime or maxume

adverb, in the highest degree, especially, exceedingly, very

Misenum, -i, n.

noun, (proper) Misenum, a town and harbor in Campania

multum

adverb, much, very much, greatly

nox, noctis, f.

noun, night

nubes, nubis, f.

noun, cloud, mist, vapor

ob (with acc.)

preposition, on account of, for, because of, by reason of, for the sake of

occido, -ere, occidi, occasum

verb, to fall down, fall

ora, -ae, f.

noun, extremity, border, edge, end, boundary, limit, shore

oro, -are, -avi, -atum

verb, to speak, argue, plead, pray, beg, implore, ask for

paulum, paulo

adverb, to only a small extent, slightly, a little

Plinius, -ii, m.

noun, (proper) a Roman male name (nomen - name of a Roman gens)

propius

adverb, more nearly, more closely, nearer, closer

proximus, -a, -um

adjective, nearest, next

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

adjective, beautiful, fair, handsome

pumex, pumicis, m.

noun, pumice stone

quamquam

conjunction, though, although, albeit, notwithstanding that

quasi

adverb, as if, just as if, as though

rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum

verb, to seize and carry off, snatch, tear, drag, hurry away

regina, -ae, f.

noun, queen

regnum, -i, n.

noun, kingdom, kingly government, royal authority, kingship, royalty

rego, -ere, rexi, rectum

verb, to keep straight, guide, conduct, direct, control, rule

resideo, -ere, residi,

verb, to sit back, remain sitting, remain behind, stay, remain, rest, reside

saevus, -a, -um

adjective, raging, mad, furious, fierce, savage, ferocious, cruel, violent, severe

scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum

verb, to write, write out, compose, draw up, produce

spiritus, -us, m.

noun, breathing, breath

sub (with abl./acc.)

preposition, under, below, beneath, underneath, behind; (with acc.) under, below, beneath, up to, toward

tot

pronoun, so many, such a number of, as many…as (tot…quot)