📝 Concise Exam Q&A – Phonological Theories
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15 Terms
Linear Theories
Q1. What is a distinctive feature?
A1. A binary property (+/–) that distinguishes phonemes (e.g., [+voice] vs. [–voice]). Clinically: reveals error patterns.
Linear Theories
Q2. Difference between phonological and phonetic representation?
A2. Phonological = abstract, underlying form.
Phonetic = actual spoken output.
Linear Theories
Q3. Define naturalness vs. markedness.
A3. Natural = simple, common (e.g., voiceless stops).
Marked = complex, rare (e.g., affricates).
Linear Theories
Q4. Why is natural phonology useful clinically?
A4. Explains typical phonological processes in children; helps distinguish immature vs. atypical patterns.
Nonlinear Theories
Q5. Linear vs. nonlinear theories?
A5. Linear = equal focus on segments.
Nonlinear = hierarchy, stress, suprasegmentals.
Nonlinear Theories
Q6. What is the peak of a syllable?
A6. The vowel/syllabic consonant nucleus; required in every syllable.
Nonlinear Theories
Q7. How does metrical phonology help in therapy?
A7. Identifies errors in stress/syllable structure (e.g., weak syllable deletion).
Nonlinear Theories
Q8. What are GEN and EVAL in Optimality Theory?
A8. GEN = generates possible outputs.
EVAL = selects best output using ranked constraints.
Nonlinear Theories
Q9. Clinical use of Optimality Theory?
A9. Restructure child’s constraint hierarchy to match adult speech; one shift can fix multiple errors.
Phonemes vs. Allophones
Q10. Define phoneme with example.
A10. Meaning-contrastive unit. Ex: /t/ vs. /d/ → “ten” vs. “den.”
Phonemes vs. Allophones
Q11. Define allophone with example.
A11. Non-contrastive variant. Ex: [pʰ] in “pat” vs. [p] in “tap.”
Phonemes vs. Allophones
Q12. Why must SLPs distinguish phonemes from allophones?
A12. Prevents mislabeling normal variation as a disorder.
Clinical Applications
Q13. Child substitutes [t] for [k], [d] for [g]. Which theory applies?
A13. Distinctive features — error in place of articulation.
Clinical Applications
Q14. Child says “nana” for “banana.” Which theory applies?
A14. Metrical phonology — weak syllable deletion.
Clinical Applications
Q15. Child drops final consonants. OT interpretation?
A15. No-Coda outranks Include-Coda. Therapy shifts ranking.
Note 
Flashcards (94)