Absolutism and Constitutionalism Overall

Absolutism

Monarchs consolidated power under themselves in order to advance the needs of their own state

Causes of Absolutism

Weakened influence of the church post PR and PoW, and Merchant classes expanding and wanting political stability in monarchy, merchants replacing nobles

Louis XIV

French Absolutist monarch

Fronde

French rebellion of nobles against Cardinal Mazarin, where Mazarin prevailed, leading to Louis XIV being backed by the people

Intendent System

Undermined the authority of local governors and nobility through sending intendants to make sure people there obeyed the will of Louis XIV

Palace of Versailles

Louis XIV's palace where he kept lots of the nobility to keep an eye on them

Edict of Nantes

Established tolerance for protestants in France, Louis XIV revoked it

Dutch War

War between Louis XIV and the Spanish Netherlands to gain territory and weaken the Habsburg family

War of Spanish Succession

Philip V, Louis XIV's grandson, was to succeed the throne in Spanish, so to keep balance of power, England, the United Provinces, Austria, and Prussia, fought against France, Spain, and Bavaria

Treaty of Utrect

Ended the War of Spanish Succession, deciding that Philip V could keep the Spanish Throne but couldn't unite Spain and France

Peter the Great

Russian Tsar who westernized Russia

Peter the Great's Political Reforms

Required nobles to serve in the army or civil administration and created the Table of Ranks to ensure that experts ended up on top

Peter the Great's Religious Reforms

Replaced the role of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church with the Holy Synod, which was people who supported him

Cultural Reform

Tried to shape Russian culture to be Western-like

Constitutionalism

Government was limited by the rule of law

English Civil War

War in the 1640 which decided how much power the King, Parliament, and Other Elites should have, where the Parliament won

Divine Right of Kings

Idea that kings have the God-given right to rule

James I

Successor to Elizabeth I who believed in Divine Right and spent lots of money on the 30 year's war and wars against Irish rebellions

Magna Carta

British document establishing the Parliament to control all the money

Charles !

Successor to James I who also believed in Divine Right and tried to take property from people and spend lots of money on the 30 year's war and wars against Irish rebellions, who didn't call Parliament so they couldn't take his money, also married a Catholic

Long Parliament

Parliament called by Charles I to get money to put down a Scottish rebellion, also passed the Triennial Act

Triennial Act

Act called during the Long Parliament forcing the king to call Parliament into session at lease once every three years

Puritans

Protestants who wanted to rid the Anglican Church of any sign of Catholicism, didn't like that Charles I married a Catholic

Oliver Cromwell

Led the Parliamentary Army against the King in the English Civil War and won and made the Rump Parliament by kicking out his opposition.

Rump Parliament

Post- English Civil War Parliament which only supported Cromwell which executed Charles I for treason

Protectorate

Republican England under Oliver Cromwell who was named Lord Protector as it's military dictator who enforced strong moral laws, such as no drinking

Restoration Period

Period after the Protectorate where the English Monarchy was restored with Charles II and then James II, who tried to make things Catholic, and then Mary and William of Orange

Glorious Revolution

Mary and William of Orange gained the throne as James II fled to France where Divine Right ended

English Bill of Rights

Bill passed during the Glorious Revolution where the Parliament could levy taxes and that the law couldn't be annulled by the monarch

Philip II of Spain

Catholic who clamped down on Dutch Protestant rebellions

William of Orange

Protestant leader who rid the Netherlands of Spanish influence

Oligarchy

Rule by the few, such as in the Early Netherlands

States-General

Dutch Oligarchy who were the wealthiest men who passed laws to serve their own interests

Partition of Poland

Poland was annexed between Russia, Prussia, and Austria and shared

Battle of Vienna

HRE, Poland, and Austria pushed back against the Ottomans who moved in to Central Europe

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Made a massive organized Protestant army and used it during the 30 Year's War

Agricultural Revolution

Revolution of Agriculture tripling output even though people were leaving the fields

Seed Drill

Made by Jethro Tull and planted seeds by being pulled by an animal

Mechanical Hoe

Increased weeding efficiency

Cast Iron Plow

Dug furrows for planting

Cottage Industry

Goods for purchase were made in people's homes before they were made in factories

Putting Out System

Merchants would buy raw materials and sell them to people to buy back the finished product

Water Frame

Water wheel which powered factories by spinning

Insurance

Por a monthly price, companies would recoup and entrepreneur's losses if something happened

Venture Capital

Banking loans to businesses

Middle Passage

Passage from Africa to North America

Triangular Trade

Trade between England, Africa, and North America