Studied by 4 people
Scientific Method
Ask a question 2. Do background research 3. Construct a Hypothesis 4. Test you hypothesis 5. Analyze the data and draw a conclusion 6. share your results
First psychology lab creator
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism
Breaking consciousness down into basic elements of sensation and feeling, developed introspection
Functionalism
How consciousness helps people adapt to their environments
Gestalt
look at the bigger picture, the whole of consciousness is not equal to the sum of its parts
Psychoanalysis
constant unconscious conflicts within a person determines behavior and mental health
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis-- insight therapy for fear and anxiety, believed that many of our problems as adults stem from early childhood experiences
Behaviorism
behavior is primarily the result of learning; personality is conditioned
Cognitive Approach
Emphasizes the influence of thoughts and mental processes and how they relate to behavior
Cognitive Neuroscience and Biopsychology
Links mental processes to activities in the nervous system, brain, and other body functions
Evolutionary Approach
Focus on how behavior and mental processes emerge as adaptations to inc survival
Cultural Approach
Focus on how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members
Variable
a factor or characteristic that is manipulated or measured in research
Operational definition of variable
A description of the exact methods that will be used to measure the variable
Descriptive Research
Used to describe and predict behavior and mental processes
Naturalistic Observation
Observations of behavior in the environment in which it typically occurs
Case study
intensive examination of a specific person or situation
Surveys
Questionnaires or interviews given to many people
Correlational studies
Is one variable related to another? How strong is that relationship?
Experimental Research
To predict, explain, and control behaviors/mental processes
Within-Subjects
everybody gets the meds, you measure before and after (more ethical than giving placebos)
Between-Subjects
participants randomly sorted, control doesn't get meds, experimental group does
Replication Crisis
a systematic problem in which a large proportion of studies are not reproducible
Developmental Psychology
the study of how humans change and/or remain stable across the life span
Teratogens
any substance that causes birth defect
Biological Processes
changes in our physical nature, biological age
Cognitive Processes
changes in how one thinks about and views the world, intelligence, and language, psychological age
Socioemotional processes
changes in relationships with other ppl, social age
Jean Piget
cognitive development happens in stages, children actively seek knowledge
Egocentrism
all see the world how the child sees it
Animism
think objects are alive
Theory of mind
ability to realize that other ppl have minds and those minds represent the world in different ways
John Bowlby
attachment is adaptive bc it keeps you safe and ensures survival
Harry Harlow
attachment is based on feeding and or comforting physical contact; used monkeys to show ppl crave attachment over basic necessities
Secure attachment
balance btwn contact and exploration, happy when mom returns, easily comforted
Avoidant Attachment
ignore or avoid mom after separation, baby untroubled by mother’s movements
Ambivalent/Anxious/Resistant Attachment
Greets mom, but angry and rejects contact, upset when mom leaves and returns
Disorganized Attachment
Infant’s behavior is inconsistent, disturbed
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional-selfish moral judgments
Conventional-choices based on rules and conventions
Postconventional-choices based on personal standards of justice, equality, and respect for human life
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Believed that development is both a social and a cultural process
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Human behavior is motivated by social needs
Note
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