PSYC 1102 - Test 2

______ ______: Research that aims to improve scientific theories for better understanding of a particular phenomenon

Basic Research

______ ______: Research that aim to answer a specific question in everyday life and will ultimately help people

Applied Research

______ ______: Research that involves using the lessons from basic
research to begin to test real-world applications

Translational Research

______: appropriateness of the conclusions we draw from our research

Validity

______ ______: a research study is free of confounding variables that would limit scientific conclusions and the extent to which the results of the study generalize across multiple different procedures and to the population at large

Experimental Validity

______ ______: the research is free of confounding variables. The extent to which a causal conclusion in warranted

Internal Validity

______ ______: the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.

External Validity

______ ______: degree to which the research situation re-creates the psychological experiences that participants have in real life.

A subset of external validity

Ecological Validity

______: consistency of our research measure

Reliability

______ ______: degree to which our research tests and tasks measure what they claim to

Psychometric Validity

______-______ ______: We give subjects the same exact measure on two separate occasions and compare performance

Test-Retest Reliability

______-______ ______: We examine performance on the odd trials of a task and compare it to performance on the even trials

Split-Half Reliability

______ ______: If multiple raters are evaluating a subjects’ response, you measure the amount of agreement among the raters

Interrater Reliability

A test cannot be ______ if it is not ______

Valid; reliable

______ ______: test looks like it measures the construct.

Face Validity

______ ______: extent to which a test measures all facets of a given construct

Content Validity

______ ______: extent to which a test predicts important outcomes

Criterion Validity

______ ______: extent to which a test correlates with other similar tests and does not correlate with dissimilar constructs

Construct Validity

______ ______: test is too hard for subjects and test scores are too low

1.) look to meaningful differences among subjects or

2.) tell whether some treatment improved or lowered performance

Floor Effect

______ ______: the test is too easy for subjects and test scores are too high

Ceiling Effect

______: Every member of a specific group in which a researcher wants to generalize their findings to

Population

______: A subset of the population. The people that are going to be the subjects in our experiments, the people that answer our surveys, and the people we interview

Sample

______ ______: How researchers plan to select a sample of subjects from a population

Sampling Plan

______ ______: A sample with specific features that characterizes the population of interest

Representative Sample

______ ______: Everyone in a given population has an equal chance of selection for participating

Probability Sampling

______ ______: Everyone in a given population does not have an equal change of selection for participating

Nonprobability Sampling

______ ______ ______: a sampling method in which the sample of individuals are randomly selected from the population. This is the best way to sample if you are able to.

Simple Random Sampling

______ ______ ______: Divide population into subpopulations and use simple random sampling to select subjects from each subpopulation in proportion to the population at large

Stratified Random Sampling

______ ______ ______: Divide total population into clusters, then using simple random sampling to select which clusters participate; all observations in a selected cluster are included in the sample

Cluster Random Sampling

______ ______: Recruit subjects who are readily available to the researcher

Convenience Sampling

______ ______: Freely choosing any subject as long as they meet an already established quota

Quota Sampling

______ ______: the researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the study

Purpositive Sampling

______ ______: Existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances

Snowball Sampling

______ ______: Ethics require us not to force subjects to participate in our studies. Thus, some groups of subjects might choose not to participate to our study

Nonresponse Bias

______ ______ ______: The subjects that volunteer for our studies might be unrepresentative of our population

Volunteer Subject Problem

______ ______ ______: The vast majority of psychological research is conducted using college students as subjects

“College Sophmore” Problem

______ ______: data collection in which researcher observe participants in a laboratory setting

Laboratory Observation

______ ______: data collection in which the observer participates with those being observed

Participant Observation

______ ______: Data collection in which a research observes events as they occur in a natural setting.

Naturalistic Observation

______ ______: observation in which the observer never reveals to the subjects that they are under observation

Concealed Observation

______ ______: observation in which the observer reveals to the subjects that they are under observation

Nonconcealed Observation

______ ______: a set of rules to help guide how the researcher classifies and records behaviors under investigation

Coding System

______ ______: Recording the elapsed time during which a behavior occurs

Duration Recording

______ ______ ______: Recording each time a target behavior occurs

Frequency-Count Recording

______ ______: Setting certain intervals of time and recording whether a particular behavior occurs in that interval

Interval Recording

______ ______: form in which the researchers note the particulars of the behavior or phenomenon they observe

Observational Schedule

______ ______: a trial run of a study used to test and refine the design, methods, and instruments prior to starting the real study. This will help refine your coding sheet

Pilot Testing

______ ______: Train observers to look for particular behaviors but do not tell them the purpose of the observational study

Blind Observation

______-______ ______: Questions in which a subject has to formulate an answer

Examples: What is your favorite part of your job? What is your most-defining attribute?

Open-Ended Questions

______-______ ______: Questions in which a subject has to endorse an answer (i.e., True-False or Likert Scale questions)

Examples: Do you prefer indoor to outdoor activities, yes or no? On a scale of 1 to 7, how clean are you?

Forced-Choice Questions.

______ ______: Questions in which the wording leads people to a particular answer

Leading Questions

______-______ ______: Questions in which there are multiple parts. We do not know if the participant is responding to all of the parts or just one of the parts.

Double-Barreled Questions

______ ______ ______: Questions which contain negative phrasing. Participants can easily miss the negative wording and this makes the survey questions unnecessarily complicated.

Negatively Worded Questions

What are the 3 potential problems with survey research?

1. Socially Desirable Responding - Subjects might lie to make themselves look better than they really are

2. Acquiescence Response Set - Subjects might get tired of the questionnaire and mark all the same answers.

3. Fence Sitting Response Set - Subjects play it safe by answering in the middle of the scale.

______: 1.) Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or 2.) a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing and arguing about moral behavior

Ethics

______ ______ (____): Code of research ethics developed at the Nuremberg Trials. Stressed the importance of informed consent of research subjects

Nuremberg Code (1947)

______ ______ ______ (____-____): Public Health Service in collaboration with Tuskegee University enrolled 600 poor Black farmers, half of which had contracted syphilis. The men were given free medical care, meals, and free burial insurance for participating in the study. The men were never told they had syphilis and were not treated even after penicillin was proven to be successful in treating syphilis

Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932 - 1972)

______ ______ (____-____): Experiments by the CIA to develop drugs and procedures to be used in interrogations and torture in order to weaken the individual to force confessions through mind control. The CIA would secretly administer LSD and other chemicals

Project MKUltra (1953 – 1966)

______ ______ ______: The Holmesburg Prison was the site of a
controversial decades-long dermatological, pharmaceutical, and biochemical weapons research projects involving testing on inmates.

Holmesburg Prison Experiments

______ ______ ______ (____): Psychology study led by Philip Zimbardo. 24 male college students were randomly assigned to be either a prison guard or a prisoner. Subjects were encouraged to behave in accordance with their role. After a day, the prison guards started abusing and humiliating the prisoners. The prisoners began to behave in a submissive manner. The study had to end early (a week in) because the researchers realized the distress that it caused the subjects.

Stanford Prison Study (1971)

______ ______ ______ (____): Stanley Milgram conducted research at Harvard to see how far subjects would go in obeying an authority figure’s orders.

Milgram’s Obedience Studies (1963)

______: Someone who pretends to be someone they are not during a research study.

Confederate

______ ______ (____): Published by the American government in response to unethical research practices in the previous few decades (particularly the Tuskegee Syphilis Study)

Belmont Report (1979)

The Belmont Report identifies three fundamental ethical principles for using any human subjects for research:

1. Respect For Persons

2. Beneficence

3. Justice

______ ______ ______: Protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent.

Respect for Persons

______: Do no harm, minimize risks, and maximize benefits

Beneficence

______: Ensure procedures are administered fairly and the distribution of costs and benefits to potential research subjects is equal.

Justice

______ ______: Each person learns about the research project, considers its risks and benefits, and decides whether to participate

Informed Consent

______ ______: researchers do not collect any potentially identifying information

Anonymous Study

______ ______: researchers collect some identifying information but prevent it from being disclosed.

Confidential Study

______ ______: In one location, data is associated with a subject number. In a separate location, the subject numbers are associated with subjects’ personal information.

Deidentified Data

______ ______ ______ (___): A committee responsible to evaluating research studies using human subjects and ensuring that they are being conducted ethically.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Review of research protocols can be ______, ______, or require a ______ ______. All research involving a vulnerable population must be reviewed by the full IRB.

Exempt; expedited; full review

______: At the end of the study, you tell the subjects the purpose of the research project and clear up any deception that was used throughout the study.

Debriefing

What is used for animal subjects? (3)

1. Reduction

2. Replacement

3. Refinement

______-______: You get the subject to answer questions about themselves or their mental processes.

Self-Report

______ ______: You present subjects with a task/situation/event and you see how subjects behave.

Behavioral Data

______ ______: You present subjects with a task/situation/event and you examine their physiological response.

Physiological Data

______: Literally “looking inside oneself.” The examination of one’s own mental or emotional processes.

Introspection

______ ______: potential confound in which subjects guess what the purpose and consciously or unconsciously change their behavior.

Demand Characteristics

______ (____): Subjects were given 2000 sheets of paper with 224 additions of random digits required on each sheet of paper. Subjects were told to add these digits up on each sheet of paper and the experimenter would return... eventually. How long did subjects persist with the task.

Orne (1962)

______-______ ______: The subject tries to find out what the researcher’s hypothesis is and tries to confirm it.

Good-Participant Role

______-______ ______: The subject tries to find out what the researcher’s hypothesis is and tries to “ruin” the experiment

Negative-Participant Role

______-______ ______: The subject follows the instructions given by the experimenter to the letter.

Faithful-Participant Role

______-______ ______: The subject is so concerned about how the experimenter might evaluate the responses that the subject behaves in a socially desirable way.

Apprehensive-Participant Role

______ ______: An effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment that is due to he patient/participant’s belief in the treatment.

Placebo Effect

______ ______: Rosenthal and Jacobson (1966) conducted a study in which they gave 1st and 2nd grade children and intelligence test and told teachers that some of the children in their class were “intellectual bloomers” (around 20%).

Pygmalion Effect

______-______ ______: a prophecy that, once made, evoke new behavior to make the prophecy true.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

______ ______: Changes in behavior that occur when people know that others are observing them.

Hawthorne Effect

3 defining characteristics of an experiment:

1. Manipulation of the independent variable - The researcher controls the level of the independent variable that the subjects receive

2. Holding all extraneous variables in the research situation constant

3. Ensuring that subjects in the experimental and control conditions have equivalent personal characteristics and are equivalent to the dependent variable before they take part in the experiment

______: Researchers have subjects complete a measure that is either a potential confound or the dependent variable in question. They assign subjects to groups such that both groups have a balanced level of the measure.

Balancing

______ ______: Each subject has an equal likelihood of being assigned to a given condition.

Random Assignment

______ ______: Every member of a population has an equal chance to be included into the sample.

Random Selection

______ ______ ______: You match two subjects who are similar on a particular individual difference and randomly assign one of the pair to one condition and the other one to the other condition.

Matched Random Assignment

______ ______ (______ ______): You yoke a subject in the experimental and a subject in the control condition together so that the experiences between the two subjects are the same except for the independent variable.

Matched Control (Yoked Control)

______: Researchers create a protocol for a standard administration of the study and stick with it. The researcher makes sure every variable in the study is consistent for all subjects.

Standardization

______-______ ______ (Independent Groups): Subjects are divided into two groups. One group is the experimental group and the other is the control group.

Between-Subjects Design

______-______ ______ (Repeated Measures): Subject receive both treatments (experimental and control).

Within-Subjects Design

______ ______: Confounds due to the presentation order of the experimental and control conditions.

Order Effects

______ ______: Subjects might get better at a task as they get practice on the task.

Practice Effects