Thrust PPL ground lesson 4 stage 1

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57 Terms

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lift opposes

weight

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thrust opposes

drag

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minimum flying equipment regulation number

91.205

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newton’s third law

equal and opposite reaction

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how is lift created

with laminar flow! (flo

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thrust

force created by airflow over/under wing

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byproduct of lift is

(parasite) drag

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in unaccelerated flight, lift = ____ and thrust = _____

lift = weight, thrust=drag

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Angle of attack

angle that the air hits the front part of the wing

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laminar flow

smooth/fluid airflow going over and under the wing

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explain Bernoulli’s principle as applied to wings

camber (curvature) of wing increases airspeed, creating low pressure on top, and there is high pressure on the bottom due to a lower velocity, due to drag from hitting the wing.

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upper camber

curvature of wing

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lower camber

flat bottom part of wing

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chord line

imaginary line from leading to trailing edge in wing. Creates AoA

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explain critical angle of attack

laminar flow over upper angle ceases to exist, usually at 17.5 degrees. Stalls happen here

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planform

shape of the wing (rectangle, tapered , sweptback, etc)

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aspect ratio of a wing

surface area of wing relative to aircraft, think glider (long, skinny wings) vs piper archer (short, stubby wings)

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angle of incidence

angle between chord line of wing compared to longitudinal axis of aircraft (nose to tail line)

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yoke controls

ailerons, stabilator, elevator

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high-lift device explanation and example

increases lift by increasing camber and changing chord line, thus increasing AoA. Ex. flaps

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single slotted flap

we use this! flaps that have a small gap between trialing edge of wing and flap. The slot allows some air to go over the topside of the flap. Very aerodynamic

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lift is created by Bernoulli’s principle because ___pressure on the bottom side of the wing is chasing the ____pressure on the top side

high, low

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slotted-fowler flap

a flap on a rolly track, with a slot for aerodynamics. Used by airliners

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load factor

ratio of load supported by wings vs. actual force of gravity (ex. 1G, 2Gs)

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propeller function

generate thrust with pressure differentia of blades and its angle of attack

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3 forms of parasite drag

form

interference

skin friction

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induced drag is a byproduct of ____

lift

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example of induced drag

wingtip vortices

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wingtips/winglets at the end of airliners are advantageous because they reduce _____ and thus drag

wingtip vortices

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wingtip vortices increase

downwash (turbulent, dirty air)

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total drag is ___ + _____

parasite and induced

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induced drag and speed relationship

inverse

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parasite drag and speed relationship

direct

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ground effect

cushion of air from wingtip vortices, felt within half a wingspan of wings

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static stability

initial tendency of aircraft to return to equilibrium

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dynamic stability

tendency to return to equilibrium overtime

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positive, negative, neutral STATIC stability

positive—holds new altitude

neutral—no change, just continues

negative—gets more extreme (ex. high goes way higher)

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postitive, negative, neutral DYNAMIC stability

positive—returns to pre-disturbance levels

neutral—maintains new disturbance equilibrium

negative—exacerbates disturbance, gets extreme

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maneuverability

allows you maneuver and withstand result of stress (ex. from steep turns)

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controllability

capability of an airplane to respond to your control inputs

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longitudinal stability

ability of an aircraft to return to its pitch

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center of lift is ______(in front of/behind) center of gravity in steady flight

behind

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lateral stability

ability of an aircraft to resist roll

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vertical stability

aircraft’s ability to resist yawing

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if you turn right, your ____(left/right) aileron goes up

right

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when you pitch down, stabilator at the back of the plane is facing (up/down)

down

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longitudinal stability is controlled

latterally (with horizontal stabilator, which creates negative lift and tail down force)

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lateral stability is controlled

longitudinally

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center of lift is also known as the

center of pressure

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CG range

limits between forward most and aft most limits. Outside the limits = no control

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RFASLS

Range goes down with forward CG (the rest alternates)

Fuel burn

Airspeed

Stall recovery

Landing flare

Stability

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airlines prefer (aft/forward) CG because there is less _____

aft, fuel burn

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sideslip

diagonal relative wind makes aircraft move diagonally, even if you think you’re moving forward (like a crab). Fix it with rudder on the same side of the relative wind

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dihedral

the slight lowering v shape of the wings coming in towards the fuselage, promotes lateral stability

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sweptback wings aid in

directional stability

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keel effect

bigger lower fuselage means more directional stability, because it naturally wants to return upright (think about the massive bottom of a boat)

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directional stability is achieved via

rudder