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lift opposes
weight
thrust opposes
drag
minimum flying equipment regulation number
91.205
newton’s third law
equal and opposite reaction
how is lift created
with laminar flow! (flo
thrust
force created by airflow over/under wing
byproduct of lift is
(parasite) drag
in unaccelerated flight, lift = ____ and thrust = _____
lift = weight, thrust=drag
Angle of attack
angle that the air hits the front part of the wing
laminar flow
smooth/fluid airflow going over and under the wing
explain Bernoulli’s principle as applied to wings
camber (curvature) of wing increases airspeed, creating low pressure on top, and there is high pressure on the bottom due to a lower velocity, due to drag from hitting the wing.
upper camber
curvature of wing
lower camber
flat bottom part of wing
chord line
imaginary line from leading to trailing edge in wing. Creates AoA
explain critical angle of attack
laminar flow over upper angle ceases to exist, usually at 17.5 degrees. Stalls happen here
planform
shape of the wing (rectangle, tapered , sweptback, etc)
aspect ratio of a wing
surface area of wing relative to aircraft, think glider (long, skinny wings) vs piper archer (short, stubby wings)
angle of incidence
angle between chord line of wing compared to longitudinal axis of aircraft (nose to tail line)
yoke controls
ailerons, stabilator, elevator
high-lift device explanation and example
increases lift by increasing camber and changing chord line, thus increasing AoA. Ex. flaps
single slotted flap
we use this! flaps that have a small gap between trialing edge of wing and flap. The slot allows some air to go over the topside of the flap. Very aerodynamic
lift is created by Bernoulli’s principle because ___pressure on the bottom side of the wing is chasing the ____pressure on the top side
high, low
slotted-fowler flap
a flap on a rolly track, with a slot for aerodynamics. Used by airliners
load factor
ratio of load supported by wings vs. actual force of gravity (ex. 1G, 2Gs)
propeller function
generate thrust with pressure differentia of blades and its angle of attack
3 forms of parasite drag
form
interference
skin friction
induced drag is a byproduct of ____
lift
example of induced drag
wingtip vortices
wingtips/winglets at the end of airliners are advantageous because they reduce _____ and thus drag
wingtip vortices
wingtip vortices increase
downwash (turbulent, dirty air)
total drag is ___ + _____
parasite and induced
induced drag and speed relationship
inverse
parasite drag and speed relationship
direct
ground effect
cushion of air from wingtip vortices, felt within half a wingspan of wings
static stability
initial tendency of aircraft to return to equilibrium
dynamic stability
tendency to return to equilibrium overtime
positive, negative, neutral STATIC stability
positive—holds new altitude
neutral—no change, just continues
negative—gets more extreme (ex. high goes way higher)
postitive, negative, neutral DYNAMIC stability
positive—returns to pre-disturbance levels
neutral—maintains new disturbance equilibrium
negative—exacerbates disturbance, gets extreme
maneuverability
allows you maneuver and withstand result of stress (ex. from steep turns)
controllability
capability of an airplane to respond to your control inputs
longitudinal stability
ability of an aircraft to return to its pitch
center of lift is ______(in front of/behind) center of gravity in steady flight
behind
lateral stability
ability of an aircraft to resist roll
vertical stability
aircraft’s ability to resist yawing
if you turn right, your ____(left/right) aileron goes up
right
when you pitch down, stabilator at the back of the plane is facing (up/down)
down
longitudinal stability is controlled
latterally (with horizontal stabilator, which creates negative lift and tail down force)
lateral stability is controlled
longitudinally
center of lift is also known as the
center of pressure
CG range
limits between forward most and aft most limits. Outside the limits = no control
RFASLS
Range goes down with forward CG (the rest alternates)
Fuel burn
Airspeed
Stall recovery
Landing flare
Stability
airlines prefer (aft/forward) CG because there is less _____
aft, fuel burn
sideslip
diagonal relative wind makes aircraft move diagonally, even if you think you’re moving forward (like a crab). Fix it with rudder on the same side of the relative wind
dihedral
the slight lowering v shape of the wings coming in towards the fuselage, promotes lateral stability
sweptback wings aid in
directional stability
keel effect
bigger lower fuselage means more directional stability, because it naturally wants to return upright (think about the massive bottom of a boat)
directional stability is achieved via
rudder