C1: States of Matter

IGCSE chemistry

What is the state of matter of these particles?

Solid

What is the state of matter of these particles?

Liquid

What is the state of matter of these particles?

Gas

Describe the particle arrangement/movement in a solid and its properties

Particles are close together, arranged in a regular pattern, and they vibrate on the spot. They have their own shape and a fixed volume

Describe the particle arrangement/movement in a liquid and its properties

Particles are close together, arranged irregularly, and they move around each other slowly. They take the shape of the container and have a fixed volume

Describe the particle arrangement/movement in a gas and its properties

Particles are far apart in a random arrangement, moving quickly in all directions. They take the shape of the container and have no fixated volume 

Define molecule

A group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Define atom

The smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties

Define ion

An atom or molecule with an electric charge 

What is happening in this image?

Evaporation

What is happening in this image?

Boiling

In terms of energy + particles, what happens during condensation?

Particles lose KE, making them move slower and go to a more structured form

In terms of energy + particles, what happens when something evaporates?

Particles gain KE, moving faster and further apart, breaking free from the liquid’s surface and being released into the atmosphere 

In terms of energy + particles, what happens when something freezes?

Particles lose KE, making them slow down and move from a disorderly liquid state to a fixed solid state

In terms of energy + particles, what happens when something melts?

Particles gain KE, breaking the intermolecular bonds holding them in a fixed solid structure, and they move more freely, transitioning from a solid to a liquid

In terms of energy + particles, what happens when something boils?

Particles gain KE, overcoming the forces holding them together, making them move faster and further apart, and transitioning from a liquid to a gas

Define Charle’s Law

When the temperature of the gas increases, the volume increases proportionally and vice versa

Provide an example for Charle’s Law

Gases in a container exert pressure as the gas molecules are constantly colliding with the walls of the container because of their high amount of KE, which makes them move faster in a random direction

Which are the endothermic (require heat) changes of state?

Melting, evaporation, and sublimation

Which are the exothermic (release heat) changes of state?

Freezing, condensation, and deposition

What is sublimation?

The change of state from a gas to a solid or a solid to a gas

What is melting?

The change of state from a solid to a liquid

What is freezing?

The change of state from a liquid to a solid

What is evaporation?

The change of state from a liquid to a gas

What is condensation?

The change of state from a gas to a liquid 

Define Boyle’s Law

When the temperature is held constant, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, meaning that if pressure is increased and temperature is held constant, the volume decreases and vice versa

Define diffusion

The movement of particles in a liquid or a gas from a region of high concentration to low concentration

Give an example for diffusion

A sock can be smelled across the room because sweat particles spread out evenly across the room.

How does particle size/mass affect the rate of diffusion?

The bigger/more mass a particle has, the slower it will diffuse