ICT and Graphics Fundamentals Flashcards

Flashcards covering the history of ICT, digital citizenship, collaboration principles, and graphic design fundamentals.

ICT

Encompasses both hardware and software that facilitate human interaction and connectivity.

Pre-Mechanical Period

The era from $3000\,BCE-1450\,CE$ where people developed ways to share and process information using basic tools and symbols.

Papyrus Paper

A writing material invented by Egyptians from a papyrus plant.

Abacus

A calculation tool that first existed in Babylon around $2700-3000\,BCE$.

Mechanical Period

The era from $1450-1840\,CE$ characterized by automation and increased speed in numerical computation.

Charles Babbage

Known as the Father of Computer, he created the Analytical Engine.

Analytical Engine

A 19th-century general purpose computer and the first programmable device.

Blaise Pascal

The creator of the pascaline, which is considered the first mechanical calculator.

Johannes Guttenberg

The inventor of the printing press.

Electromechanical Period

The era from $1840-1940\,CE$ where inventions were designed to process data faster than before.

Electronic Period

The era from $1840-\text{Present}$ that introduced transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors for improved efficiency.

Artificial Intelligence

A computer science field focused on making computers work and act like humans.

SimSimi

An AI program created in $2002$ by Ismaker; its name means "bored" in Korean.

Robotics

A field concerned with creating devices that can move and react.

Sophia

A robot created by Hanson Robotics in Hong Kong and granted Saudi Arabian citizenship.

Biometrics

Technologies used to measure and analyze the human body, such as DNA, fingerprints, and eye retinas.

Virtual Reality (VR)

A three-dimensional, computer-generated environment that can be explored and interacted with by a person.

Augmented Reality (AR)

A technology where digital objects are placed in real-life environments, such as in Pokemon Go.

Mobile Technologies

Any device with internet capability that is accessible from anywhere the user is located.

IBM Simon

A smartphone released in $1994$ featuring the first touch screen.

Digital Citizenship

The responsible and respectful use of technology to interact with others and take part in society.

Online Security

The protection of personal information, devices, and online accounts from threats like hacking and identity theft.

Digital Footprints

A file of unique, traceable online activities, contributions, and communications specific to a user.

Active Digital Footprints

Traceable data where a user intentionally provides information, such as social media account creation.

Passive Digital Footprint

Data gathered without a user's awareness, often used by businesses to monitor web traffic.

Cookies

Small text files that websites store on devices to remember preferences, login details, and activity.

Virtual Private Networking (VPN)

A tool used for safety and maintaining privacy while browsing the web.

Netiquette

Shorthand for network etiquette, representing rules for proper communication and browsing.

Virginia Shea

The network manners guru who created the 10 Rules of Netiquette.

Collaboration

Derived from the Latin word "collaboratus," meaning to labor together toward a goal.

Hierarchical Structure

An organized team structure where individuals are divided into teams and must complement each other's abilities.

Participation

A principle of collaboration that encourages involvement from across the entire organization.

Collective

A collaborative principle where the group reaches a consensus and takes action together on decisions.

Transparency

The collaborative principle emphasizing that feedback, trust, and honesty are essential.

Independence

The principle ensuring that people think for themselves and remain proactive to avoid group-think.

Persistence

Steadfast application of collaborative principles to ensure content is kept accessible to the community.

Emergence

Focusing on the end goal by combining ideas from the community rather than worrying about the specific achievement process.

Word Processor

Software or a device used for composing, editing, formatting, and printing documents.

Mail Merging

An MS Word feature that allows the merging of a document with another document or data file.

Spreadsheet

A computer application for computation and data analysis that replaces analog accounting sheets.

Presentation Software

Application software like PowerPoint used to create visual aids for communicating ideas.

Forethought Inc

The software company where Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin originally created PowerPoint for Macintosh.

Advocacy

A process of supporting and enabling people to express concerns, access information, and defend their rights.

Personally Responsible Digital Citizen

An individual who obeys digital laws, shows respect, and uses technology properly.

Participatory Digital Citizen

A person who uses digital technologies to contribute ideas and engage in online community discussions.

Justice Oriented Digital Citizen

A citizen who critically analyzes social issues and uses technology to promote systemic change.

EDSA Revolution II

An event in the Philippines where text messages played a major role in gathering people.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Networks that connect everyday items and sensors for use with smartphones.

ICT for Good Governance

Using technology to deliver public services such as tax payments and document applications online.

Super Paint

Considered the grandfather of all graphic software, created in $1972$ by Richard Shoup.

Balance

The placement of elements of equal weight on a page, categorized as symmetrical, asymmetrical, or radial.

Proximity

Describes the organization and relationship of elements by moving them physically close together in a design.

Alignment

The lining up of text or graphics on a page to create order.

Contrast

The combination of opposing characteristics (like color or size) to emphasize key elements.

Whitespace

Negative space or margins that allow a design to breathe; also known as the "art of nothing."

Unity

The sense of oneness between design elements that creates balance and harmony.

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group; a lossy image format popular for web use and photography.

GIF

Graphics Interchange Format; limited to an $8\text{-bit}$ palette of $256$ colors and best for animations.

BMP

Bitmap Image File; an uncompressed raster image made of millions of pixels, native to Windows.

TIFF

Tagged Image File Format; a high-quality raster format used for printing and graphic storage processing.

PNG

Portable Network Graphic; a nonproprietary alternative to GIF designed specifically for the web.

Cropping

The process of removing unwanted parts of an image to focus only on the subject.

Standard Web Resolution

Images for web upload should be set to $72\,dpi$ to maintain a file size of $30-50\,KB$.

Standard Print Resolution

Images for printing should be set to a maximum resolution of $300\,dpi$.

Picasa

Google's free desktop image editing program used to manage and upload photos to online albums.

Infographics

A creative representation of data using shapes, colors, and pictures to make information understandable.

Rule of Thirds

A standard guideline to follow when cropping or organizing image composition.

Sans Serif

A font family where letters do not have lines; best for headers, captions, and lists.

Serif

A font family with small lines attached to letters, often considered easier to read.

Display Fonts

A font category that includes cursive or handwriting styles.