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what is an operon?
a cluster of genes under the control of a promoter
hox gene mutations are what?
often lethal
what gene expression is being controlled when dna is more tightly wound during cell division?
transcriptional
what processes are important in determining a body plan?
apoptosis and mitosis
what is needed to start transcription?
rna polymerase
what does rna need to bind to?
a promoter
what is an operator?
a part of dna where a repressor can bind
what happens if a repressive binds to an operator?
blocks rna polymerase from working
how does lactose allow lactase to be made?
binds to repressor to change its shape so it cannot bind to the operator
what does it mean for a gene to be expressed?
the gene can be used to make something functional
can environmental factors affect transcription factors?
yes
what does an operon involve?
a regulated cluster of genes with a promoter and an operator
what are introns?
rna portions that are removed
what are exons?
remaining rna used in translation
how can eIF-2 be regulated?
phosphorylated and then translation cannot be started
where do prokaryotic cells usually have gene regulation?
transcription
where do eukaryotes usually have gene regulation?
transcription and translation and in between
what can cancer cells do?
express genes not needed and not express needed genes
what are the 2 general types of mutation?
chromosomal and gene
what are the 3 types of gene mutation?
substitution
insertion
deletion
what do insertion and deletions cause?
a frame shift
what is a mis-sense substitution?
where it causes a different amino acid to be coded for
what is a nonsense substitution?
causes a stop codon to be created
what are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations?
deletion
duplication
translocation
inversion
what do transcription factors bind to?
operons
mRNA strands containing introns and exon are called?
primary mRNA transcripts (pre-mRNA)
how are introns removed?
splicing
when introns are removed, what is the mRNA called?
mature mRNA
how is cAMP produced?
molecules bind to cell membranes
how does cAMP activate proteins?
alters their 3D structure
what is a body plan?
general structure of an organism
what are hox genes?
genes that code for proteins that control body plan development
what are homeobox sequences?
sequences that have changed very little during evolution of different organisms
what do homeobox sequences code for?
homeodomain
what does the homeodomain do?
bind to specific sites on DNA enabling the protein to work as a transcription factor
what is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
what are the steps once apoptosis has been triggered?
enzymes inside the cell break down cell components, cell shrinks and begins to fragment, phagocytes engulf and digest cell fragments
how is gene expression regulated at the transcriptional level?
transcription factors
how is gene expression regulated at post transcriptional level?
splicing
how is gene expression regulated at post translational level?
activation of proteins
