Chapter 15 - Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg Injuries

What bones make up the foot?

Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms, metatarslas, and phalanges

If an athlete does not take care of Achilles tendinitis, what may happen? 

The tendon will weaken and may rupture

Metatarsals

the long bones of the foot

Lateral malleolus

distal part of the fibula

Medial malleolus

distal part of the tibia

Calf muscle

gastrocnemius

A lateral ankle ligament

anterior talofibular

A medial ankle ligament

deltoid

Hammertoe

hyperextesnion of the distal phalangeal joint

Bunion

excessive valgus stress

The most frequent ankle sprains are the result of excessive _________________.

inversion

Pain in the heel and medial longitudinal arch as a result of overuse is often caused by ______________________________.

Plantar Fasciitis

A more appropriate name for medial lower-leg pain caused by shin splints is ______________________________.

Medial tibial stress syndrome

 The lower leg, foot, and ankle play a critical role in what?

Balance, shock absorption, and movement.

What are the bones of the toes called?

Phalanges

What’s the lateral malleolus?

End of the fibula on lateral aspect

What’s the medial malleolus?

End of the tibia on the medial side.

What’s the heel bone?

Calcaneus

What are the joints between the phalanges and metatarsals called?

Metatarsophalangeal joints

What do we call the long bones of the foot?

Metatarsals

What are the two small bones under the great toe called?

Sesamoids

What are the toe joints called?

Interphalangeal joints

The arches of the foot act as what?

shock absorbers

Which muscle group helps stabilize the lateral aspect of the ankle?

Peroneal muscles

What's the medical name for the calf muscle?

Gastrocnemius

What's the name of the tendon that attaches the calf muscle to the heel?

Achilles tendon

Name another muscle besides the calf that meshes into the Achilles tendon.

Soleus

Name the three ligaments on the lateral side of the ankle.

Anterior Talofibular, Posterior Talofibular, and Calcaneofibular

What’s the name of the medial ligament of the ankle?

Deltoid Ligament

Which ligaments are stronger, the deltoid ligaent on the medial side of the three ligaments on the lateral side?

Deltoid

What are the common fracture sites of the foot, ankle, and lower-leg?

Base of the fifth metatarsal and the epiphyses of the distal tibia and fibula.

What is a Jones fracture?

avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal

What causes a Jones Fracture?

when an ankle is forced into inversion, the muscles contract so forcefully to stabilize it at the tendon pulls.

What usually causes these stress fractures?

Repetitive stress due to running

What's the pain like for a stress fracture?

More intense at night and following activity and right over the bone

Some physicians believe that a stress fracture can be distinguished by using what?

Tuning fork

What can verify the diagnosis of a stress fracture?

Bone scan

When will an x-ray show a stress fracture?

Two weeks after initial injury

What's another name for shin splints?

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

What is Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome?

Muscle fibers on the medial side of the tibia become torn and irritated.

How can we relieve shin splints?

PRICES, rest, change training, wrapping (taping), new shoes, stretching, arch supports.

What is a typical symptom of an Achilles tendon rupture?

Athlete feels as if someone has shot them in the back of the lower leg.

What's the thick connective tissue that supports the arches?

Fascia

What is often used along with stretching for plantar fasciitis?

Heel cup

What interventions (treatments) are used for Plantar Faciitis?

Rest, arch supports, orthotics, night splints

In some instances, the plantar fascia pulling on the calcaneous causes what?

Heel spur

Are more ankle sprains caused by inversion or eversion?

Inversion

When the ankle inverts, which ligaments are injured?

Lateral

What's another name for a high ankle sprain?

Syndesmosis sprain

What is a syndesmosis?

The structure that binds the distal end of the tibia and fibula together

What takes longer to heal a lateral ankle sprain or a syndesmotic ankle sprain?

Syndesmotic

If the ankle dislocates, which direction will it go?

Anteriorly or Posteriorly

What's a hammertoe?

Middle joint of the toe is flexed and the other joints are hyper-extended

Hallux valgus is also known as what?

Bunion

What is hallux valgus?

Excessive valgus stress at the great toe.

Anterior compartment syndrome can sometimes be mistaken for what?

Shin splints

What are the critical indicators of Anterior Compartment Syndrome?

Inability to move the foot and severe pain.