LING 101 Unit 1, chapter 2 part 1

phones

speech sounds

two approaches in study of phonetics

1. articulatory phonetics

2. acoustic phonetics

articulatory phonetics

analyze the physical mechanics of speech

acoustic phonetics

analyze the physical properties of sound waves produced

segments

individual units of structure

broad transcription

use same symbol for 2 sounds that are not exactly the same phonetically (simpler)

narrow transcription

uses more elaborate set of symbols and diacritics for more phonetic detail

diacritics

small marks added to phonetic symbols showing more detail in pronunciation

places of articulation

where placement of tongue and lips modifies airflow in vocal tract

tongue

primary articulating organ with 5 main areas used in phonetic description

5 areas of tongue

1. tip - narrow area at front

2. blade - just behind tip

3. body - most mass of tongue

4. back - hindmost part of mouth

5. root - in upper part of throat

body and back of tongue also called

dorsum

labial sounds

made with closing/almost closing lips

bilabial sounds

sounds w/ both lips

labiodentals

lower lip and upper teethed

dentals

sounds when tongue against/near teeth

interdentals

tongue placed between teeth

(two in English in “this” and “thing”)alveol

alveolar sounds

tongue touches or near alveolar ridge

alveopalatal area (palatoalveolars)

behind alveolar ridge where roof of mouth rises sharply

alveopalatal consonants

ex: show, measure

palate

hard palate - highest part of roof of mouth

palatals

tongue near or on hard palate

velum

soft palate - soft area toward rear of roof of mouth

velars

tongue touching/near velum (ex: call)

labiovelar

tongue body raised near velum while lips are rounded at same time

labiovelar is a demonstration of….

two places of articulation;

1. velar aspect = primary place of articulation

2. labial aspect = secondary aspect of sounduvul

uvulars

tongue touches/near uvula (small flap of tissue hanging from the velum)

pharynx

area of throat between uvula and larynx

pharyngeals

sound made by retracting tongue or constricting pharynx (not in English)

glottis

part of larynx (voice box) that includes vocal cords and the space between them

glottals

sounds made using vocal folds and main articulators (at glottis)

ex: heave

phonology

how speech sounds are classified/modified by grammar

graphemes

letters

digraphs

pairs/groups of letters

sociolinguistic variation

how people use different words, sounds, etc to say the same thing

sound

1. varies in pressure

2. is measurable in waveform

3. is a physical event in speechphon

phonemes

sounds of a language, abstract concepts/mental representations

allophones

phonetic variation or different pronunciation of single phoneme

phoneme vs allophones

changing a phoneme changes the meaning of the word, changing allophones doesn’t

air’s path in speech

from lungs, through larynx, through pharynx, into nasal or oral cavity (velum controls the route of air) where articulators shape how air escapes. acoustic signal exits through oral or nasalon

consonants

speech sounds with significant constriction in vocal tract (by articulators)

vowel

reshaped oral cavity mainly by tongue/lips