TOEFL 9 Environmental Science / Ecology

ecosystem; fragile ecosystem; How does climate change impact a fragile ecosystem?; A fragile ecosystem collapses when temperatures rise too fast.

生態系統; 脆弱生態系統

ecology; marine ecology; What do students study in marine ecology?; Marine ecology examines interactions among ocean organisms.

生態學; 海洋生態學

marsh; coastal marsh; Why are migratory birds drawn to a coastal marsh?; A coastal marsh provides rich feeding grounds for wading birds.

濕地; 沿海濕地

prairie; native prairie; How do controlled fires benefit a native prairie?; A native prairie rejuvenates native grasses after controlled burns.

(北美的)大草原; 本土大草原

biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; Why does deforestation accelerate loss of biodiversity?; Deforestation destroys habitats and drives loss of biodiversity.

生物多樣性; 生物多樣性喪失

ecological succession; primary ecological succession; What initiates primary ecological succession on bare rock?; Lichens initiate primary ecological succession by breaking down bare rock.

生態演替; 初步生態演替

pollutant; toxic pollutant; How do rivers flush out a toxic pollutant?; Rivers dilute and downstream flush out a toxic pollutant over time.

污染物; 有毒污染物

overhunting; historic overhunting; Which species declined due to historic overhunting?; Several whale populations declined severely due to historic overhunting.

過度捕獵; 歷史過度捕獵

endangered; endangered species; How do conservationists protect an endangered species?; Conservationists establish safe reserves to protect an endangered species.

(動植物)瀕危種的; 瀕危物種

mass extinction; ancient mass extinction; What triggered an ancient mass extinction millions of years ago?; Massive volcanic activity triggered an ancient mass extinction long ago.

大滅絕; 古代大滅絕

genetic modification; agricultural genetic modification; Does agricultural genetic modification improve crop yield?; Agricultural genetic modification enhances resistance to pests and drought.

基因改造; 農業基因改造

greenhouse effect; enhanced greenhouse effect; What drives the enhanced greenhouse effect in modern times?; Industrial carbon emissions drive the enhanced greenhouse effect globally.

溫室效應; 加劇溫室效應

landfill; municipal landfill; How does a municipal landfill manage toxic leakage?; A municipal landfill installs thick liners to prevent groundwater contamination.

垃圾掩埋場; 市政垃圾掩埋場

acid rain; forest acid rain; How does forest acid rain damage tree roots?; Forest acid rain leaches vital calcium and magnesium from soils.

酸雨; 森林酸雨

desertification; regional desertification; What causes rapid regional desertification in arid zones?; Overgrazing and prolonged drought accelerate regional desertification.

沙漠化; 區域沙漠化

logging; illegal logging; Why do ranger patrols target illegal logging?; Ranger patrols target illegal logging to preserve ancient forest canopy.

伐木; 非法伐木

deforest; rapid deforest; Why do farmers deforest steep hillsides?; Farmers deforest steep hillsides to plant seasonal cash crops.

砍伐森林; 快速砍伐森林

white pollution; marine white pollution; How can cities reduce marine white pollution?; Cities ban single-use plastics to curb marine white pollution.

白色污染(塑膠污染); 海洋白色污染

light pollution; urban light pollution; How does urban light pollution disrupt nocturnal wildlife?; Urban light pollution confuses navigational cues in migrating birds.

光害; 都市光害

ambient; ambient temperature; How does ambient temperature affect plant respiration?; Higher ambient temperature accelerates cellular respiration rates.

周邊的; 周邊溫度

soil erosion; severe soil erosion; What practice prevents severe soil erosion on slopes?; Planting cover crops effectively prevents severe soil erosion.

土壤侵蝕; 嚴重土壤侵蝕

runoff; chemical runoff; How does chemical runoff enter coastal estuaries?; Rain washes agricultural chemical runoff straight into coastal estuaries.

地表逕流; 化學地表逕流

cover crop; winter cover crop; Why do farmers plant a winter cover crop?; Farmers plant a winter cover crop to anchor topsoil during storms.

覆蓋作物; 冬季覆蓋作物

pesticide; harmful pesticide; Why do organic farms ban a harmful pesticide?; Organic farms reject a harmful pesticide to protect beneficial pollinators.

殺蟲劑; 有害殺蟲劑

fertilizer; synthetic fertilizer; When does synthetic fertilizer run off into streams?; Heavy spring rains wash synthetic fertilizer run off into local streams.

肥料; 合成肥料

detergent; household detergent; Does household detergent harm aquatic bacterial colonies?; Yes, harsh household detergent disrupts natural bacterial breakdown in water.

洗潔劑; 家用洗潔劑

submarine; submarine ecosystem; What creatures inhabit a deep submarine ecosystem?; Specialized tube worms thrive in a hydrothermal submarine ecosystem.

海面下的; 海底生態系統

fish farm; coastal fish farm; How does a coastal fish farm manage organic waste?; A coastal fish farm rotates pens to disperse uneaten feed safely.

養殖魚場; 沿海養殖魚場

spillage; oil spillage; How quickly do crews contain an oil spillage?; Emergency crews deploy floating booms to contain an oil spillage rapidly.

(石油之類的)溢出、洩漏; 石油溢出

oil slick; floating oil slick; How do cleanup ships disperse a floating oil slick?; Cleanup ships spray dispersants to break up a floating oil slick.

油膜; 漂浮油膜