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Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key concepts from the Perception Process, how we interpret others, and self-perception topics.
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Perception
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
Perceptual field
The world around us containing many stimuli; we cannot process all of it.
Perceptual filters
Filters information as it enters our senses before it is organized and interpreted.
Salience
The degree to which something attracts our attention in a context.
Selection
The first part of the perception process; focusing on specific incoming sensory information.
Visual and Aural Stimulation
Stimuli that are visually or auditorily engaging tend to become salient.
Proximity
Tendency to group things that are close together in space.
Similarity
Tendency to group similar-looking or similar-acting things together.
Difference
Tendency to notice items that look or act different from the rest.
Schemata
Mental databases of stored information used to interpret new experiences.
Cognitive complexity
Ability to adapt and revise schemata; a sign of communication competence.
Punctuation (in conflict)
Structuring information into a timeline to identify cause and effect in interactions.
Internal attribution
Attributing another's behavior to their personality or internal factors.
External attribution
Attributing behavior to situational factors or external circumstances.
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to explain others’ behavior with internal factors rather than external.
Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal factors and failures to external ones.
Primacy effect
Tendency to weigh first information more heavily in forming impressions.
Recency effect
Tendency to weigh the most recent information more heavily in impressions.
Halo effect
Positive initial impressions lead to positive judgments about later behavior.
Horn effect
Negative initial impressions lead to negative judgments about later behavior.
Looking-glass self
Self-concept formed through others’ reactions and reflections.
Self-concept
The overall idea of who a person thinks they are; context-dependent.
Self-esteem
Judgments and evaluations of the self; varies across contexts and over time.
Self-efficacy
Judgments about one’s ability to perform a task in a specific context.
Social comparison theory
We describe/evaluate ourselves by comparing to others; involves superiority/inferiority and similarity/difference.
Self-discrepancy theory
Discrepancies between actual, ideal, and ought selves influence emotions and behavior.
Stereotype
A generalized belief about a group that can influence perception of individuals.
Prejudice
Negative feelings or attitudes toward people based on identity or groups.
Self-presentation
Strategically revealing or concealing information to influence others’ perceptions.
Prosocial self-presentation
Self-presentation aimed at benefiting others and classically building trust.
Self-serving self-presentation
Self-presentation aimed at benefiting the self, sometimes at others’ expense.
Self-monitoring
Awareness of how one presents themselves and adjusts behavior to suit the context.
Perception checking
A strategy to verify perceptions by describing behavior, offering interpretations, and seeking clarification.