Chapter 2 Notes

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Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key concepts from the Perception Process, how we interpret others, and self-perception topics.

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33 Terms

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Perception

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

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Perceptual field

The world around us containing many stimuli; we cannot process all of it.

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Perceptual filters

Filters information as it enters our senses before it is organized and interpreted.

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Salience

The degree to which something attracts our attention in a context.

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Selection

The first part of the perception process; focusing on specific incoming sensory information.

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Visual and Aural Stimulation

Stimuli that are visually or auditorily engaging tend to become salient.

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Proximity

Tendency to group things that are close together in space.

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Similarity

Tendency to group similar-looking or similar-acting things together.

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Difference

Tendency to notice items that look or act different from the rest.

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Schemata

Mental databases of stored information used to interpret new experiences.

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Cognitive complexity

Ability to adapt and revise schemata; a sign of communication competence.

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Punctuation (in conflict)

Structuring information into a timeline to identify cause and effect in interactions.

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Internal attribution

Attributing another's behavior to their personality or internal factors.

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External attribution

Attributing behavior to situational factors or external circumstances.

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Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to explain others’ behavior with internal factors rather than external.

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Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal factors and failures to external ones.

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Primacy effect

Tendency to weigh first information more heavily in forming impressions.

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Recency effect

Tendency to weigh the most recent information more heavily in impressions.

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Halo effect

Positive initial impressions lead to positive judgments about later behavior.

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Horn effect

Negative initial impressions lead to negative judgments about later behavior.

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Looking-glass self

Self-concept formed through others’ reactions and reflections.

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Self-concept

The overall idea of who a person thinks they are; context-dependent.

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Self-esteem

Judgments and evaluations of the self; varies across contexts and over time.

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Self-efficacy

Judgments about one’s ability to perform a task in a specific context.

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Social comparison theory

We describe/evaluate ourselves by comparing to others; involves superiority/inferiority and similarity/difference.

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Self-discrepancy theory

Discrepancies between actual, ideal, and ought selves influence emotions and behavior.

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Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group that can influence perception of individuals.

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Prejudice

Negative feelings or attitudes toward people based on identity or groups.

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Self-presentation

Strategically revealing or concealing information to influence others’ perceptions.

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Prosocial self-presentation

Self-presentation aimed at benefiting others and classically building trust.

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Self-serving self-presentation

Self-presentation aimed at benefiting the self, sometimes at others’ expense.

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Self-monitoring

Awareness of how one presents themselves and adjusts behavior to suit the context.

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Perception checking

A strategy to verify perceptions by describing behavior, offering interpretations, and seeking clarification.

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