axial skeleton A&P lab

bones in the body

206

axial bones

80

appendicular bones

126

bone classifications

flat, long, short, sesamoid, irregular 

flat bone examples

sternum, ribs, skull bones

long bones examples

femur, radius, tibia, fibula

short bone examples 

carpal bones and tarsal bones

sesamoid bones examples

patella

irregular bone examples

vertebrae, hyoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, mandible

bone markings

the various ridges, grooves, depressions, and other features found on the surfaces of bones

projections

raised areas on the surface of the bone

depressions

hollow or recessed area on the surface of a bone

spongy bone (cancellous)

a porous bone tissue located primarily in the ends of long bones, the flat bones of the skull, and the pelvis

compact bone

the hard, dense outer layer of bones that provides strength, structural support, and protection

hydroxyapatite

primary bone mineral giving strength, rigidity, and hardness

red marrow 

site of red blood cell production 

yellow marrow

filled with adipose

proximal epiphysis

diaphysis 

distal epiphysis

spongy bone

articular cartilage

epiphyseal line

red bone marrow

endosteum

compact bone

medullary cavity

yellow bone marrow 

periosteum

nutrient artery

metaphysis

osteon

basic structural unit of bone tissue

central canal 

contains nerves and vasculature

concentric lamellae

layered circles that surround the central canal

lacuna

pockets in concentric lamellae 

osteocytes

cells within lacunae that make bone

canaliculi

connect lacunae to central canal to receive nutrients

epiphyseal plate

made of cartilage and open for bone growth

epiphyseal line

made of bone marks and ends bone growth

growing bone

diaphysis is growing not the epiphysis  

hayline cartilage

most abundant, flexible, makes up growth plate, covers articulating surfaces

fibrocartilage

stiff and tough, absorbs shock, found in intervertebral discs

elastic cartilage 

least abundant, most flexible, found in ear and epiglottis

true ribs

7 pairs

false ribs

5 pairs

floating ribs 

2 pairs 

cervical vertebrae

7

thoracic vertebrae

12

lumbar vertebrae

5

sacrum

5 fused

coccyx 

3-5 fused 

number of ribs

24 ribs

frontal

ethmoid

sphenoid

temporal

parietal 

occipital

nasal bone

lacrimal bone

zygomatic bone

maxilla

mandible 

vomer

palatine

internal acoustic meatus

jugular foramen 

foramen magnum

cribriform foramina

optic canal

foramen rotundum

foramen ovale

foramen lacerum

foramen spinosum

hypoglossal canal

hyoid

“floats” at the C3 vertebrae level, doesn’t articulate to other bones

cornu

horn

cervical vertebrae shape 

concave 

thoracic vertebrae shape

convex

lumbar vertebrae shape

concave

sacral vertebrae shape

convex 

atlas

C1, holds the head

axis

C2, head rotation rubs against C1

cervical vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae 

Sacral foramina

sacral promontory

ala

sacral crest

apex

base

superior articular process

sacral hiatus

sacral canal

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature, s shape

kyphosis

 exaggerated thoracic curvature, hunchback

lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curvature, common in pregnant women

sternum

3 fused bones

manubruim