reproductive isolation

Habitat isolation

occurs when species are separated by geographical barriers, preventing them from meeting and mating. (prezygotic)

Temporal isolation

occurs when species breed at different times of the day, season, or year, preventing them from mating. (prezygotic)

behavioral isolation

occurs when different species have distinct mating behaviors or rituals that prevent interbreeding. (mating dances) (prezygotic)

mechanical isolation

occurs when physical differences in reproductive structures prevent successful mating between species. (prezygotic)

gametic isolation

occurs when the gametes of different species are incompatible, preventing fertilization from occurring. (putting sperm into ocean, not complying) (prezygotic)

reduced hybrid viability

occurs when hybrid offspring fail to develop properly or reach reproductive maturity, leading to lower survival rates compared to pure species. (postzygotic)

hybrid infertility

occurs when hybrids are unable to reproduce due to chromosomal differences or other factors, resulting in sterile offspring. (horse + donkey + mule) (postzygotic)

hybrid breakdown

occurs when first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but subsequent generations may exhibit reduced fitness or sterility, leading to decline in the hybrid population. (postzygotic)