PDHPE Year 12 OFFICIAL

identifying priority population groups

Social justice principle

Priority population groups

Prevalence of condition

Potential for change

Cost to the community and individuals

measures of epidemiology

life expectancy

mortality

infant mortality

morbidity

groups experiencing health inequities

ATSI

Rural and Remote

Overseas born

People with a disability

Elderly

SED

social justice principles

equity

diversity

supportive environments

health status

describes the current state of health of an individual, group or population.

epidemiology

study of the patterns and causes of health and disease in populations and how to apply this study to improve health

prevalence

number of existing cases of a condition

incidence

number of new cases of a condition

key focuses of epidemiology

occurence

distribution

determinants

prevention and control measures

Limitations of epidemiology

reasons

reliability of information

how to spend and balance funds

doesnt take into account social factors eg location, SES

mortality

refers to death

morbidity

refers to rate of illness and disease (indicators eg hospitals, doctor visits, health surveys)

infant mortality

refers to the number of deaths that occur during the first year of life

life expectancy

number of years a person can expect to live ag birth

(males = 79.3, females = 83.9)

ATSI nature and extent

lower life expectancy (m=-12, F=-10)

2 x ^ mortality rates

infant mortality 2 x ^

disability levels 2 x ^

assault deaths 6 x ^

7 x more likely to die from diabetes

people in rural and remote areas nature and extent

34% live in R+R areas

mortality rates increase woth remoteness

2.9 x ^ deaths under 65

improvements in CVD amd Cancer (m= 3%, f= 2% decline)

Priority health areas

CVD

Cancer

Diabetes

Respiratory diseases

Injury

Mental health problems and illnesses

CVD

covers all diseases of the heart and circulatory system

Trends of CVD

number 1 killer (1/3 of all deaths)

2nd biggest burden

16.5% have 1 or more long term CVD

most expensove disease group (11%)

coronary heart disease - single leading causes of death

6% hospitalised

death rates declining due to prevention

CVD risk factors

increasing age

family history

smoking

HBP

diabetes

overweight

high cholesterol

CVD protective factors

regular exercise

healthy weight

no smoking

low salt, saturated fat and cholestorel diet

3 most common forms of CVD

coronary heart disease

stroke

peripheral vascular disease

Atherosclerosis

build up of fatty material on the inner artery walls

Arteriosclerosis

degenerative disease causing hardening of the arteries

cancer

occurs when some of the body cells become defective and begin to multiply in an uncontrolled manner

tumour

enlargement caused by a clump of abnormal cells

neoplasm

abnormal mass of cells that interferes with normal cell function

metastases

secondary tumours

benign tumours

not cancerous (surrounded by a capsule)

malignant tumours

cancerous (no capsule)

Cancer trends

2nd leading cause of death

biggest disease burden

incidence ^

prevalence remained stable

mortality decreasing

Lung Cancer trends

mostly caused by smoking

leading cause of cancer deaths

2nd most common form

< 10% of cases occur in non smokers

smoking 10 x ^

Breast Cancer

1 in 8 women affected

Diabetes Type 1

occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin so the body burns fat

Diabetes Type 2

the pancreas makes some but not enough insulin for thr body to functiom effectively

lifestyle related

Gestational diabetes

affects women during pregnancy and usually disappears after birth

increases babies chance of type 2

Diabetes trends

Type 1 - 10-15% of all cases

Type 2 - 85-90% of all cases

prevalence of type 2 is increasing

death rate increases with age

diabetes 8th leading cause of death

range and types of health care facilities and services

institutional - hospitals, ambulance, nursing homes

non-institutional - medical services (GP's), dentists etc, research (NHMRC)

medicare

government funded

1.5 tax levy

2.5 for high income earners

covers 85% of the fee at least

bulk billing

Private Health insurance

covers hospitals and ancillary benefits

dont have to pay medicare levy

choice of doctor

reasoms why is complimentary and alternative health products and services are more popular

- globalisation

- WHO recognition

- holistic nature

- multiculturalism

- less acceptance of traditional medicine

- included in private health care

enabling

giving thr opportunity for something to be carried through

empowering

giving the support needed to achieve a goal

intersectoral collaboration

combined action taken between agencies from within the health sector

5 areas of the ottawa charter

developing personal skills

creating supportive environments

strenthening community action

reorienting health services

building healthy public policy

levels of responsibility

individual

community

NGO

Governments

major indicators of health inequities

prevalence

incidence

hospitalisation rates

developing personal skills

providing access to information for people in order to aid them with lifestyle choices (e.g compulsory PDHPE lessons)

creating supportive environments

changing physical and social surroundings to promote access to healthier lifestyles (e.g. legislative bans i.e no smoking in certain areas)

strengthening community action

bringing people together to promote access and opportunities for healthier lifestyle choices (e.g lobby groups)

reorienting health services

changing the focus of health services from treating illnessses to promoting health and wellbeing (e.g health services for ATSI, language assistance)

building healthy public policy

policies and regulations to cause soceital change to improve health focusing on the whole community (e.g Medicare, PBS, Abstudy, health campaigns)

examples of the Ottawa charter in action

Closing the Gap

Swap it, Don't Stop it Campaign

Measure Up

National Tabacco Strategy

Alactacid system

Intensity - 95%
Duration - 5-10 seconds
Source of fuel - glycogen and PC
Efficiency - very
Cause of fatigue - inability to resynthesise ATP
By-products - none except heat
Recovery - resting; 2 minutes, recombination of P and C

Lactic acid system

Intensity - 85%-95%
Duration - 30-60 seconds
Source of fuel - glucose (no oxygen)
Efficiency - very (but requires large amount of glucose)
Cause of fatigue - lactic acid prevents muscle fibres from contracting
By-products - lactic acid
Recovery - 30 minutes - 2 hours, lactic acid to glycogen

Aerobic system

Intensity - 60%-70%
Duration - 12 hours of rest or 1 hour of intense exercise
Source of fuel - carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Efficiency - almost unlimited
Cause of fatigue - depletion of glucose and poor respiration caused by lack of oxygen
By-products - carbon dioxide and water (not harmful)
Recovery - increase in duration of exercise equates to increase of time it take to recover

Aerobic training

Continuous, fartlek, aerobic, interval, circuit

Anaerobic training

Anaerobic interval

Flexibility

Static, dynamic, ballistic, PNF

Strength training

Free/fixed weights, elastic, hydraulic

Progressive overload

Adaptations occur when the training load is greater than normal.

Specificity

Greatest gains are made when activity in the training program replicates the movements of the game.

Reversibility

Effects of training are reversible with discontinuation.

Variety

Athletes must be challenged to maintain interest and develop required attributes using different techniques.

Training thresholds

When a person surpasses an exact point, significant gains will be made.

Warm-up/cool-down

Necessary to reduce the risk of injury, increase/decrease body temperature, mentally prepare/recover and decrease soreness/tightness.

Physiological adaptations in response to training

Lower resting heart rate, lower heart rate for sub-maximal workload, increased maximal stroke volume, increased maximal cardiac output, increased maximal oxygen consumption, increased anaerobic threshold, increase in haemoglobin level, increase in muscular hypertrophy and faster recovery after completion of exercise.

Positive motivation

A reward for good performance.

Negative motivation

Punishment for poor performance.

Intrinsic motivation

Comes from self; best for producing long term results.

Extrinsic motivation

Come from an external source; cannot be sustained.

Trait anxiety

Anxiety as a characteristic of the person.

State anxiety

Anxiety which arises in a particular situation.

Sources of stress

Past experiences, external support, pressure and expectations.

Psychological strategies to enhance motivation

Concentration, attention skills, focusing, mental rehearsal, visualisation, imagery, relaxation techniques and goal setting.

Nutritional considerations

Pre-performance (carb loading), during performance and post-performance.

Supplementation

Vitamins and minerals, protein, caffeine and creatine products.

Recovery strategies - physiological

Cool down and hydration.

Recovery strategies - neural

Hydrotherapy and massage.

Recovery strategies - tissue damage

Cryotherapy and icepacks.

Recovery strategies - psychological

Relaxation and rest days.

Stages of skill acquisition

Cognitive (beginner, frequent errors), associative (characterised by lots of practice and reduction of errors) and autonomous (minimal errors, athletes don't need to think about the skill itself and can focus on other aspects of the game).

The learning environment

Nature of the skill, the performance elements, practice methods and feedback.

Assessment of skill and performance

Characteristics of skiller performers, objective and subjective performance measures, validity and reliability of tests and personal versus prescribed judging criteria.