Biology 1 - Lifestyle, Health, and Risk

what is a monosaccharide?

a single sugar molecule (glucose, galactose, fructose)

what is a disaccharide?

two chemically reacted monosaccharides

what is a polysaccharide?

a complex carbohydrate made up of multiple monosaccharides

why is glucose a hexose monosaccharide?

because it has 6 carbon atoms

how is alpha glucose different to beta glucose?

alpha glucose has a hydroxyl group on the first carbon positioned down, while beta glucose has it positioned up

how do monomers become polymers?

condensation (monomer-dimer-polymer)

what is the pattern of OHs in an alpha glucose

ddud (down down up down)

what is the pattern of OHs in a beta glucose?

udud (up down up down)

how do glucose molecules bond

condensation (removal of 1 water molecule)

what kind of bond do glucose molecules make?

glycosidic bonds

how do beta glucose molecules bond?

every other molecule rotates to match up the water molecules

which carbons bond when glucose molecules bond?

carbon 1 and carbon 4

what shape do alpha glucose molecules make when they bond?

coil

what two monosaccharides make up maltose?

two alpha glucoses

what two monosaccharides make up lactose?

one beta glucose and one galactose

what two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

one alpha glucose and one fructose

4 characteristics of amylose?

alpha glucoses, 1-4 bonds, coil shape, energy store

4 characteristics of amylopectin?

alpha glucoses, 1-4 and 1-6 bonds, branched, energy reserve

4 characteristics of glycogen?

alpha glucose, 1-4 and 1-6 bonds, very branched, energy reserve

3 characteristics of cellulose?

beta glucoses, forms straight lines, 1-4 and 1-6 bonds

how can polysaccharides be split?

hydrolysis

what is a triglyceride?

a lipid

what is a triglyceride made of?

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

what bonds are used in a triglyceride?

ester bonds

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids in terms of bonding?

saturated lipids dont have any double bonds (between carbon atoms) but unsaturated have 1, polyunsaturated have more than 1

what is a lipoprotein?

a molecule made of lipids and proteins

what is a high density lipoprotein (characteristics)?

mainly protein, transports cholesterol from body tissue, to reduce total blood cholesterol

what is a low density lipoprotein (characteristics)?

mainly lipid, transports cholesterol from liver to blood, to increase total blood cholesterol

what can increased blood cholesterol lead to?

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

why can water be helpful in a cell?

temperature regulation, no rapid temperature changes, keep a stable environment

what bonds does water use to bond to itself?

hydrogen bonds

what does it mean for a molecule to be polar/dipolar?

uneven distribution of electrons leads to an area of negative or positive charge

what is the cardiac cycle?

atrial systole, ventricular systole, cardiac diastole

what does systole mean?

contraction

what does diastole mean?

relaxation

label this heart

structure of an artery + function

thick/muscular/elastic wall, inner lining (endothelium) is folded for expansion, carries blood from heart to rest of body

structure of veins + function

thinner/less elastic walls, larger lumen (space), contains valves, carries blood back to the heart

structure of capillaries + function

one cell thick walls (speeds up diffusion), where metabolic exchange happens

what are the events that lead to atherosclerosis?

damage to the endothelium, WBCs create fatty streaks, over time it hardens to become an atheroma, this restricts blood flow in the artery, hardening of arteries = atherosclerosis

how is a blood clot formed?

thromboplastin released from damaged blood vessel, thrombloplastin + calcium trigger prothrombin to convert to thrombin, thrombin triggers fibrinogen to fibrin (insoluble fibres), these then tangle together to form a mesh where platelets get trapped, this is a blood clot

what is thrombosis?

blood clotting

how can thrombosis lead to CVD?

heart attack, stroke, deep vein thrombosis 

what factors can lead to CVD?

age, diet, inactivity, gender, genetics, high blood pressure, smoking

what is a saturated lipid?

mainly found in animal fats (butter etc), they have no double bonds between the carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon tails (each carbon is joined to at least 2 hydrogen atoms - the lipid is ‘saturated’ with hydrogen)

what is an unsaturated lipid?

mainly found in plants (olive oil etc), one or more double bond between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon tails, therefore a kinked chain

what are statins?

drugs that reduce blood cholesterol by reducing the amount of ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol produced in the liver (treatment for CVD)

what are antihypertensives?

drugs with beta-blockers (reduce strength of the heartbeat) and vasodilators (widen blood vessels) and they contain diuretics (reduce sodium = less water reabsorbed) all to reduce blood volume therefore reduce blood pressure

what are anticoagulants?

drugs to reduce blood clotting

what are platelet inhibitory drugs?

type of anticoagulant that prevents platelets clumping together to clot