History

Matrilineal

A matriilineal society is when social standing is determined by the woman’s side of the family Ex: The Mississippian Society had a chief called the Great Sun he was chosen by the woman’s side of the family. (S) (The Americas/Modern U.S)

Mexica

The Aztecs were previously founded by the orginal hunters and gatherers called the Mexicas who migrated to Central Mexico in the 1200s to create the Aztecs (P) (Mesoamerica)

Tribute System

While conquering parts of what would become the Aztec Emipre they created a tribute system that insured dominance over conquered states causing them to surrender lands, goods, and servies. (Note: The Mayans breifly used this practice as well as human sacrifice) (E) (Mesoamerica)

Tenochtitlan

The captial of the Aztec Empire orginally founded by the Mexicas, in the next hundred years the Mexica would conquer land that would becoem the Aztec Empire, the capitol was sooner protected by swampy lakes to evade attacks. (P) (Mesoamerica)

Chinampas

On Lake Texcoco, the Aztecs built floating gardens called chinampas to increase the amount of space or food production. The Aztecs dug ditches to use lake water to irrigate their fields and to drain parts of the lake for more land (I) (Mesoamerica)

 Theocracy

A form of government led by a religous leaders, in the Aztec Emprire the religious leader was called The Great Speaker who was a divine representation of gods (P) (Mesoamerica)

Incan Empire

The Incan Empire is an empire that rose to power in 1438 under Parchacuti (Transformer) a tribal leader who conquered tribes near Peru and then extended it from Ecuador to North of Modern Day Chile. He administer his campaign through governers and bureacrats (P) (South America)

Mit’a System

This system was one that requred Incan men between 15-50 to provide servie in agriculture and construction (P) (South America)

Animism

Inca belief that elements of the world had supernatura power inclduing something as simple as a stone or river (C) (South America)

Carpan Nan

A road system used mainly by government and military that was created by the Incans (I,P) (South America)

Temple of Sun

The name Inca means "people of the sun," and Inti, the sun god, was the most important of the Incan gods. Inca rulers were considered to be Inti's representative on the earth. As the center of two critical elements in Incan religion- honoring of the sun and royal ancestor veneration- the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco formed the core oflncan religion. (C) (South America)

Terrace farming

an agrilcultural method where step-like flat fields into steep hillslides. This design stopped heavy rain from washing away rich soil and trapped water on the crops. Ancient groups like the Maya and the Zapotec used these stone-lined steps to grow corn, beans, and squash on rugged mountain slopes. (Mesoamerica)

kin-based networks

Kin-baed networks was based on the idea that families ruled themselves. Male heafs or a cheif resolved conflicts and situations with other groups. (P) (Sub-saharan Africa)

Hausa Kingdom

In what is now modern Nigeria the Hausa kingdom was loosely connected through kinship ties and had no central authority. While it acked access to the sea they thrived through the Tran-Saharan trade and were well versed in military manner (P) (Sub-Saharan Trade)

Trans-Saharan Trade

A network of trade routes across the desert, trading ideas, religon, and slaves includng the spread of Islam (SPICE) (Sub-Saharan Africa)

Ghana

A country nestles in the Sahara it grew from trade, wealth, and political power. Ghana rulers sold gold and Ivory to Muslim trader in exchange for crucial material. It was a centralized goverment

Mali

After the collapse of the Ghanian states by other societies the Mali state rose and began making interactions with Muslim religon and culture further establsiing trade with Muslims and eventually accumalating wealth and properity (West Africa) (P)

Zimbabwe

Zimbabawe architecture demonstrated it’s wealth and power. It’s prosperity came from agricuture, trade, and gold. It was known for a great structure the great zimbabwe. (East Africa) (P)

Ocean Trade

This trade routeconnected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Afro-Asia. This slave trade sold capable workers largerly to the middle east. prisoners, debetors, criminals were always enslaved. Increasing social status was based on amount of slaves. (E,I)

Ethiopia

Christianity was prominent here and influenced populations. It trade goods obtained from India, Arabia, and the Roman Empire. It became diverse with Islamic ifluences around. (East Africa) (E,P)

Feudalism

A political organization between citens, lords, monorachs, and kings, the monarch granted land to the lord, then the lord granted land to knights who all promeised protection to peasants in return for crops and livestock *(nobles rule mini territories) (Europe) (P)

Serfs

Serf’s while not slaves were tied to fiefs or eestates. They were not able to travel without permission from lords and paid tribute to their “protectors”. (Europe) (S,E)

Free-Field System

Theme: I

Region: Europe

Agricutlrue became efficient near the end of Middle Ages, the three fiel dsystem increased agricultural productivity. Crops were rotated through three fields for efficency. (note: technological development increased production)

Manorial System

Theme: P

Region: Europe

Large fiefs, or estates taht were also known as manors. They provided economic self-sufficency and defence. The manor produced needs to limit contact from other countries.

Magna Carta

Theme: P

Region: Europe

The magna carta created by the noblitlity was made to restrict the monrachs full control of nobility it established certain rights like right to jury trial and taxes.

Middle Ages

Theme: P

Region: Europe

A period where an an age of intelectual pursuits, trade, unification retracted. Allowing European kings, lords, and peasants to work out agreements.

Hundred Years War

Theme: P

Region: Europe

A war between France and England that lasted between 1337 - 1453. Two important results from the war include a sense of unity from each side as well as identifying as English or French. The war also spread gunpwoder.

Great Schism

Theme: C

Region: Europe

A split in Christian churches of Europe. Roman Catholic Chruches dominate most of Europe for 5 centureis while Orthodox Chruches rule fruther east like Greece or Russia.

Crusades

Theme: C

Region: Europe

Military campaigns led by restless nobless, unemployed peasants, and most importantly religous leaders in hope of reclaming Holy Land.

Little Ice Age

Theme: E, S

Region: Europe

Lower temps reduced agrilcultural productivity thus reducing trade and large cities. The age increased disease unemployment, crime, and social unrest.

Anti-semitism

Theme: E, S

Region: Europe

Jewish populations faced persecution admist Christans, they believe them as outsiders and expelled them from, England, France, Spain, and Portugal

Muslims in Europe

Theme: S

Region: Europe

Just like the Jewish population Muslims were expelled throughout the kingdom if they refused to convert. But despite persectuion of both minorities they facilitate trade; and idea’s.

Renaissance

Theme: SPICE

Region: Europe

The Renaissance was a period of tremandous change in art, trade, ideas, and more. It inspired creativity through Greek and Roman art. It also fostered literacy and a spread of ideas.

Humanism

Theme: C

Region: Europe

One of the most revelutionaary instances of the Renaissance was the focus on indivudals rather than god. Leading to teh birth of secular literature, and cultural changes. As well as a change in government.

Gutenberg printing press

Theme: C

Region: Europe

The prinitng press fostered a revolution in priniting allowing fast production of manuscripts and a growth of literacy.