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Conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565
When did the Spanish Rule in the Philippines begin?
Cebu
Where in the Philippines did the conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 start?
their own culture
their own government
leaders
Before the Spanish came, Filipinos had what?
barangay
Pre-colonial Philippine government
datu
Pre-colonial leaders on the Philippines
The King of Spain
The Philippines became a Spanish colony and was ruled by?
1565-1821
Period of time when the rule of the Philippines was administered by the Viceroy of Mexico
Spain
After Mexico gained independence in 1821, the Philippines was directly ruled from?
Centralized political system to control the Philippines.
The Spanish introduced what kind of political system to control the Philippines?
Governor General
The highest official
appointed by the Spanish King
had control over executive, legislative, and judicial matters
oversaw religious affairs
The highest authority in the colony, with extensive powers.
Lieutenant General
Board of Authorities
Advisory bodies that assisted the Governor General
Civil Governor
The Philippines was divided into provinces, each led by a?
Cabildo (city council) with Mayors and Vice Mayors
Cities and towns were governed by a?
Barangay
Smallest government unit at the local level
Gobernadorcillo (later called capitan)
Head of the barangay
elected by influential members of the community known as the principalia
Lieutenant General
Second-in-command to the Governor General.
Board of Authorities
Advisory body to the Governor General.
Council of Administration
Another advisory body to the Governor General.
Secretariat of the Central Government
Responsible for administrative tasks
Cabeza de Barangay
Head of the barangay, responsible for collecting taxes and tributes.
follow foreign customs and adopt Spanish Catholicism, which they did not fully understand
They also lost their ancestral lands through the encomienda system
and many changes in government and laws were imposed.
After the conquest, Filipinos were forced to?
Economic Dependence on Spain
Rise of a Merchant Class
Economic Inequality and Exploitation
Rizal’s Views on Economic Inequality
Economic Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal
Economic Dependence on Spain
o The Philippines was primarily an agricultural economy, with sugar, tobacco, rice, and hemp as the primary exports to Spain and other European markets.
Spanish colonial policies favored the economic interests of Spain, resulting in a lack of industrial development and an over-dependence on agriculture.
The monopoly system that Spain implemented over certain industries like tobacco limited the growth of local entrepreneurship.
Sugar, tobacco, rice, hemp
What were the primary exports from the Philippines to Spain?
Rise of a Merchant Class
By the late 19th century, there was the emergence of a middle class composed of local Filipino merchants and landowners, many of whom were part of the Illustrados (educated Filipinos).
Merchant Class
What emerging class was Rizal’s family a part of?
Economic Inequality and Exploitation
The vast majority of Filipinos lived in poverty, and the exploitation of local labor, especially in the agricultural sector, was widespread.
The encomienda system (a grant of land and labor to Spanish colonizers) was replaced by landlordism, where rich Filipino and Spanish landlords owned large tracts of land, often working Filipino peasants to the bone.
Encomienda System
A grant of land and labor to Spanish colonizers
Landlordism
Rich Filipino and Spanish landlords owned large tracts of land, often working Filipino peasants to the bone
Rizal criticized the economic system that oppressed the Filipino peasantry
He believed that the Spanish government and the Catholic Church were largely responsible for the economic hardships faced by the Filipino people.
Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo portray the poverty and social injustice suffered by the Filipinos, particularly the farmers and workers.
What were Rizal’s views on Economic Inequality?
Social Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal
Spanish Dominance and the Caste System
Inequality in Education
Role of the Catholic Church
Rizal’s Advocacy for Social Reform
Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain)
Insulares (Spaniards born in the Philippines)
Mestizos (Children of Filipino and Spanish)
Indios (native Filipinos)
What were the social classes that the Filipino society was divided into?
The elites, mainly Spaniards and mestizos
Education was limited to?
Jesuit and Franciscan missions
Controlled the educational system
Their curricula were used to enforce Catholic doctrine and loyalty to Spain
The Catholic Church
played a significant role in the social structure of the Philippines, not only in religious affairs but also in political and economic matters.
criticized the powerful position of the church in the social and political life of the Philippines.
He pointed out how the clergy, especially friars, abused their power and exploited the Filipino people.
How did Rizal critique the Church?
Social change
Emphasized the need for education, equality, and reforms
Emphasized the importance of Philippine nationalism
The need for a Filipino identity
Rizal used his writings to advocate for?
Spanish Colonial Rule
The Propaganda Movement
The Growing Nationalist Movement
Rizal’s Execution and its Political Impact
Political Context of the Philippines in the 19th Century in the Context of Rizal
Spanish Colonial Rule
The Philippines was a colony of Spain for over 300 years, and during the 19th century, the Spanish government imposed heavy taxes, limited political participation, and denied Filipinos self-governance.
Highlighted the deep rooted
political corruption
abuse of power by the Spanish colonial government, clergy
Denial of rights to Filipinos
Rizal’s Struggle Against Political Oppression
The Propaganda Movement
called for reforms such as representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament), better educational systems, and the abolition of corrupt practices.
Rizal,
Graciano López Jaena
Mariano Ponce
Filipino intellectuals and reformists that led the Propaganda Movement
Noli me Tangere
was a key work that spoke out against the abuses by Spanish officials and the Catholic Church, calling for justice and equality
The rise of the Illustrados (educated Filipinos), who had studied in Europe
led to the development of nationalist sentiments.
December 30, 1896
When was Rizal executed?
Rizal’s death
inspired a widespread nationalist movement that eventually led to the Philippine Revolution and the country's independence.
The Influence of the Spanish Catholic Church:
Spanish colonial rule led to the widespread adoption of Catholicism, which had a profound effect on Filipino culture, traditions, and customs. The Church played a dominant role in the everyday life of Filipinos, influencing religious practices, festivals, and even the arts.
Rizal, in his works, often criticized how the church suppressed Filipino cultural practices and traditions, imposing Spanish cultural norms and values upon them.
Spanish colonization
What was the cause for the decline of native Filipino cultural practices. Traditional Filipino languages, arts, and rituals were suppressed in favor of Spanish customs
Rizal's Role in Reviving Filipino Culture
Rizal encouraged the Filipinos to embrace their native culture and history. Through his works, he highlighted the importance of preserving Filipino heritage and national pride.
Ilustrados, the educated class of Filipinos
became increasingly influential during the 19th century.
They began to push for reforms and cultural revival.
Many of them, including Rizal, were heavily influenced by the Enlightenment ideas from Europe, which emphasized reason, individual rights, and freedom.
Colonial domination of the Spanish
Rizal’s works were cultural responses to the?
