Anatomy Lab Exam 3 Back and Spine

axial and appendicular

What are the two divisions of the Skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum (houses and protects vital organs!)

What does the Axial skeleton consist of?

1. shoulder girdle 2. pelvic girdle 3.UE 4.LE

What does the Appendicular skeleton consist of?

spinal cord and supports head and rib cage.

The Vertebral Column houses ______ and supports ______ and_____

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Cervical vertebrae

These vertebrae support head and passage important arteries to head

12 Thoracic

How many thoracic vertebrae are there ?

Thoracic

These vertebrae articulate with and support ribs and rib cage

5 Lumbar

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Lumbar vertebrae

These vertebrae support head, trunk and UE; provide attachment for muscles that move trunk and UE

5 Sacral vertebrae that are fused together

How many sacral vertebrae are there and what is special about them?

Sacral

There vertebrae articulate with hips and transfer weight from upper body to LE

3-5 Cocccygeal

This is known to be vestigial in humans

discs

Fibrocatilagenous ____ connect vertebral bodies

facets between adjacent vertebrae

Two superior and Two inferior processes form freely movable joints known as ____ between ____ vertebrae

Intervetebral foramen

These foramen are formed by articulations between vertebrae in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae where the spinal roots are housed

Transverse foramen

These foramen are found in the cervical spine where they are within the body of the vertebra and house the vertebral arteries

6 articulations, 2 slightly movable (discs) and 4 freely movable (facets)

Each vertebrae has at least ___ articulations; two _____ _____ and 4 _____ ______ .

costal facets

The thoracic vertebra have two extra freely movable articulations called

1. Atlanto-occipital joint 2. Atlantoaxial joint 3. Sacroiliac joint (SIJ)

What are the 3 Special articulations of Vertebral column

Atlanto-occipital joint

This joint articulation atlas with occipital condyles skull

Atlantoaxial joint (C1= Atlas C2 = Axis)

This joint articulates with C1-C2 and is known as the

Sacroiliac joint (SIJ)

This joint articulates the sacrum with ilium

Intervertebral Discs

This is a fibroelastic carilagenous plates firmly attached to adjacent vertebral bodies

annulus fibrosis and nucleous pulposis.

The Intervertebral Discs are composed of outer cartilaginous ring called the _____ _____ and inner gelatinous _____ ____

Anterior Longitudinal ligament (ALL)

This ligaments runs from skull to sacrum along anterior border of vertebral bodies limiting hyperextension

Posterior Longitudinal ligament (PLL)

This ligament runs from skull to sacrum along posterior border of vertebral bodies limiting hyperflexion. Lies in the vertebral canal anterior to the spinal cord.

Ossification of the PLL

Abnormal calcification of the PLL can start within months of birth and affects ability to move arms and legs

1. sensory and/or motor dysfunction in limbs 2. bladder dysfunction 3. abnormal reflexes 4. clumsiness 5. spastic gait

Symptoms of ossification of the PLL include

Ligamentum flava

This ligament connects adjacent vertebral lamina helps form the roof of the vertebral canal.

Ligamentum flava

Hypertrophy of this ligament can result in spinal stenosis

Interspinal ligament

This ligament connects adjacent vertebral processes

Supraspinal ligament

This ligament is from sacrum to head

1. Interspinal ligament 2. Supraspinal ligament

These 2 ligaments helps limit hyperflexion, join to form nuchal ligament in cervical spine

12 thoracic vertebrae

The twelve ribs articulate posteriorly with _____ on each side of the thorax

First 7 ribs

These ribs are considered "true ribs" and articulate anteriorly with the sternum

Ribs 8-12

The ribs are considered false ribs (vertebrocohondral ribs)

floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

Ribs 11 and 12 are considered

1. head 2. Inferior facet 3. superior facet

A typical rib is composed of a wedge shaped ____, with a large ____ ___ for articulation with its vertebrae and a small _____ ____ for articulation with the vertebra above

short neck

The head is connected to the shaft or body of the rib by the

tubercle that articulates with a transverse process.

The neck extends from the head to a ______ that articulates with a _____ ____ of the ribs vertebra

costal groove

Along the inferior border of the rib is the ____ ____ which accommodates the intercostal vein, artery and nerve.

vein, artery and nerve

The costal groove contains intercostal

Sternum

The bone is a flat bone composed of the manubrium, body and xiphoid process

clavicles

The superior border of the sternum has two clavicular notches for articulation with the

first seven costal cartilages

Seven facets along each side of the sternum articulate with the

1. Trapezius 2. Rhomboids 3. lattissimus dorsi

What are the superficial muscles of the back

1. splenius capitis 2. splenius cervicis

What are the superficial muscles of the neck

deep to trapezius and medial to levator scapulae.

The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis are found deep to the _______ and medial to the ______ ____

Erector Spinae group (aka sacrospinalis);

What are the intermediate back muscles

I Love Sugar 1. iliocostalis 2. Longissimus 3. Spinalis

What are the 3 muscles included in the Erector Spinae muscles?

Erector Spinae muscles

The muscles are responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column

1. Transversospinalis 2. rotatores 3. multifidus 4. semispinalis

What are the deep back muscles

Deep back muscles

These back muscles are responsible for extension, lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

spinal cord and brain

Meninges contain protective CT that protect the ______ and _______

1. dura 2. arachnoid 3. pia

What are the 3 layers of meninges from most superficial to deep

epidural space

The dura of the cord is separated from the vertebral canal by the

barely separated

The arachnoid membrane and dura are ____ ____ by a minimal amount of fluid

subarachnoid space

The pia and arachnoid are separated by a large

CSF

The large subarachnoid space houses _____. This space is contiguous with the subarachnoid space of the brain

spinal cord

The pia mater is intimately attached to the tissues of the

denticulate ligament.

A fibrous band of pia mater called the _____ _____ extends the entire length of the cord and separates the dorsal and ventral roots of the cord. The base of each projection of the ligament attaches to the cord and apex attached to the dura mater. Twenty one pairs of ligaments anchor the cord laterally

lamina

Ligamentum flavum connects adjacent vertebral ____

posterior to vertebral bodies and anterior to spinal cord

The Posterior Longitudinal ligament (PLL) is _____ to the vertebral bodies and ____ to the spinal cord

lateral

Intervetebral discs are just _____ to the PLL

Conus Medullaris

This is considered the end of spinal cord proper

Cauda Equina

The is a collection of spinal nerves below L2

Filum terminale

This eminates from the conus medullaris and is a thin layer of pia mater

Lumbar cistern

This is a large subarachnoid space that lies between L2 and S2 and houses the filum terminale and cauda equine

Dorsal which is posterior and carries Afferent root.. DAS or "arrives through the back door"

Which nerve roots carry sensory innervations?

Ventral which is anterior and carries Efferent roots... VEM or "Exits through the front door"

Which nerve roots carry motor innervations?

Cervical vertebrae

What vertebrae has this distinctive characteristic of having transverse foramina and Bifid spinous process.

Thoracic Vertebrae

What vertebrae has this distinctive characteristic of having costal facets and Spine-like spinous processes

Lumbar Vertebrae

What vertebrae has this distinctive characteristic of have massive vertebral body, mammilary process for multifidus origin, rounded, short spinous process