Lesson 1-4: Physical Education and Health 4

Mountaineering

A set of activities that involves ascending mountains, including traditional outdoor climbing, hiking, and skiing.

Organizing a Climb/Exploration/Outing

The process of planning and arranging all aspects of a climb, such as destination, participants, equipment, and logistics.

Climb Composition

The structure and roles of participants in a climb, including key persons such as the team leader, assistant team leader, and trail master.

Pre-Climb

Preparations made before the climb, including body conditioning, nutrition, rest, and a pre-climb meeting with participants.

Pre-Departure

The stage where participants assemble and ensure punctuality before the start of the climb.

Climb Proper

The actual climb, including head count, pacing, trail signs, and ensuring camp protocols and cleanliness.

Post-Climb

The assessment and reflection after the climb, including feedback, suggestions, and lessons learned.

George Leigh Mallory

A mountaineer known for his famous quote "Because it's there," on why he wanted to climb Mount Everest.

Gigi Wu

Known as the "Bikini Hiker," she fell down a ravine and froze to death due to improper gear.

John Allen Chau

A climber who died due to lack of permits.

Team Leader

The person responsible for organizing the climb, including itinerary, checklist, equipment distribution, and post-climb assessment.

Assistant Team Leader

The person who supports and respects the team leader, helping with various responsibilities.

Trail Master

The person who assigns roles such as lead man, mid man, sweeper, and first-aiders, and oversees the composition of the climb.

Hikers

Participants in the climb who follow the guidance of the team leaders and climb officials.

40%

The recommended weight limit for a backpack.

Mahal, Mura, Mahihiram

The "3 M's" of equipment.

Personal Equipment

Items individually owned and carried by participants during a climb.

Group Equipment

Items shared among participants.

Compass

A navigational instrument that shows directions in a frame of reference stationary relative to the surface of the earth, with a magnetic needle or card that aligns with the Earth’s magnetic field, pointing Magnetic North-South.

North-South

The directions indicated by the magnetic needle of a compass, aligning with the Earth's magnetic field.

Han Dynasty of China

The period between the 2nd Century BC and the 1st Century AD during which the compass was invented.

2nd Century BC–1st Century AD

The time frame during the Han Dynasty of China when the compass was invented.

Divination

The original purpose of the compass in ancient China, used for fortune-telling or seeking guidance.

Lodestone

A naturally occurring mineral with magnetic properties, used in early compasses.

Orienteering Compass

A type of compass used for mountaineering, orienteering, map plotting, and general navigation.

The Mountaineering Compass, Baseplate Compass

Alternate names for the orienteering compass, used in mountaineering and navigation.

North

The direction that the red end of a compass needle always points to, aligned with the Earth's magnetic field.

Red

The color marking the end of the compass needle that indicates North.

Baseplate

Hard, flat surface on which the rest of the compass is mounted. It has rulers on its edges for measuring distances on maps. Its edge is straight and useful for laying lines on a map.

Scales

Each edge of a compass may have different rulers for use with different map scales.

Direction-of-Travel Arrow

Marked on the baseplate. You point this in the direction you will be traveling.

Magnifier

Used for seeing small map features better.

Index Pointer

Ends right at the edge of the dial and is where you take degree readings.

Dial

Ring outside the housing that has degree markings engraved. Used to rotate the entire housing.

Declination Marks

Used to orient the compass in an area with known declination.

Orienting Arrow

Marked on the floor of the housing. It rotates with the housing and is used to orient a compass to a map.

Orienting Lines

Series of parallel lines marked on the floor of the housing and on the baseplate.

Needle

Magnetized piece of metal that has one end painted red to indicate North. Freely rotates when the compass is held level and steady.

Housing

Main part of the compass that is a round plastic container that contains the needle.

Bubble

A bubble of air inside the housing, useful for making sure that the compass is level.

Mirror

Lets you see the compass face and distant objects at the same time, useful for emergency signaling.

Sight

Improves aiming of your compass at distant objects.

Camping

An outdoor activity involving overnight stays away from home in a shelter, such as a tent.

Thomas Hiram Holding

He is often seen as the father of modern camping in the UK.

Thomas Hiram Holding

He wrote The Camper's Handbook in 1908 to share his enthusiasm for the great outdoors with the world.

River Thames

It is where recreational camping was first popularized in the UK.

The Camper's Handbook

A book written by Thomas Hiram Holding in 1908 to share his enthusiasm for camping.

1908

The year Thomas Hiram Holding wrote The Campers Handbook.

1906

The year the Association of Cycle Campers opened its first camping site in Weybridge.

Association of Cycle Campers

An organization that opened its first camping site in 1906 and had several hundred members by then.

Weybridge

The location of the Association of Cycle Campers’ first camping site in 1906.

World War I

A period responsible for a certain hiatus in camping activity.

Sir Robert Baden-Powell

The founder of the Boy Scouts movement who became president of the Association of Cycle Campers after World War I.

First Aid Kit

It is a collection of supplies and equipment that is used to give medical treatment.

Pitching

It means assembling your tent on the campsite, which involves erecting or building it for shelter.

Cipher

An algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.

Cypher

A less common spelling of cipher.

Encryption

The process of converting information into a cipher or code.

Decryption

The process of converting encrypted information back to its original form.

Encipherment

An alternative term for encryption.

Code

A set of steps that encrypt a message; often used synonymously with cipher, though distinct in cryptography.

Classical Cryptography

A field of cryptography, especially concerning traditional encryption methods, where ciphers are distinct from codes.

Hieroglyphs

Nonstandard symbols carved into the wall of a tomb from ancient Egypt, which represent one of the earliest known uses of cryptography.

Old Kingdom of Egypt

The period around 1900 BCE when the earliest known use of cryptography was found.

1900 BCE

The time period when cryptography was first known to be used in ancient Egypt.

Zero

The original meaning of “cipher” in former times.

Cifre

The Middle French word meaning "zero" and the origin of "cipher."

Cifra

The Medieval Latin term for "zero," which also contributed to the word "cipher."

Sifr

The Arabic term for "zero," the origin of the word "cipher."