Anatomy of the Digestive and Respiratory Systems

Esophagus

Tube that moves food from the throat to the stomach.

Stomach

J-shaped organ that stores food and starts digesting proteins.

Cardia

Area where the esophagus meets the stomach.

Fundus

Top part of the stomach that holds food and gas.

Body

Middle and largest part of the stomach.

Pyloric Antrum

Lower part of the stomach that mixes food.

Pylorus

End of the stomach that leads to the small intestine.

Pyloric Sphincter

Muscle that controls food leaving the stomach.

Gastroesophageal Sphincter

Muscle that stops food from coming back up from the stomach.

Greater Curvature

Long outer curve of the stomach.

Lesser Curvature

Short inner curve of the stomach.

Rugae

Folds inside the stomach that let it stretch when full.

Liver (Right and Left Lobe)

Organ that makes bile and filters blood.

Common Hepatic Duct

Tube that carries bile from the liver.

Right and Left Hepatic Ducts

Tubes that drain bile from each liver lobe.

Cystic Duct

Tube between the gallbladder and common bile duct.

Common Bile Duct

Tube that carries bile to the small intestine.

Pancreas

Makes enzymes for digestion and hormones like insulin.

Pancreatic Duct

Carries enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine.

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Ampulla of Vater)

Where bile and pancreatic juices mix before entering the intestine.

Sphincter of Oddi

Muscle that controls flow of bile and enzymes into the small intestine.

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine where digestion continues.

Mesentery

Tissue that holds the intestines in place and contains blood vessels.

Peritoneal Cavity

Space between layers of abdominal lining filled with fluid.

Parietal Peritoneum

Outer lining on the abdominal wall.

Visceral Peritoneum

Inner lining that covers organs.

Retroperitoneal

Organs located behind the peritoneal lining.

Greater Omentum

Fatty tissue that hangs over the intestines like an apron.

Lesser Omentum

Tissue connecting the stomach to the liver.

Adrenal glands

Sit on top of each kidney and make hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.

Kidney

Organs that clean blood and make urine.

Location of kidneys relative to ribs

Sit near the lower back, partly under the 11th and 12th ribs, between T12 and L3 vertebrae.

Renal capsule

Tough outer cover that protects the kidney.

Renal cortex

Outer part of the kidney with filters (glomeruli).

Renal medulla

Inner part of the kidney with urine-collecting tubes.

Renal pyramid

Cone-shaped part of the medulla that helps collect urine.

Renal column

Areas of cortex between the pyramids.

Renal pelvis

Funnel-like space that collects urine before it goes to the ureter.

Renal sinus

Inner cavity of the kidney that holds fat, vessels, and the renal pelvis.

Renal artery

Brings blood to the kidneys from the aorta.

Segmental artery

First branches of the renal artery inside the kidney.

Interlobar artery

Arteries that go between the pyramids.

Arcuate artery

Curves over the top of the pyramids.

Interglobular artery

Tiny arteries that go into the outer part of the kidney (cortex).

Ureter

Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.

Urinary bladder

Muscle sac that stores urine.

Trigone

Triangle area in the bladder where the ureters and urethra connect.

Detrusor muscle

Muscle in the bladder wall that pushes out urine.

Urethra

Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside.

Urethra openings

Where the ureters enter and the urethra exits the bladder.

Prostatic urethra

Part of male urethra that runs through the prostate.

Membranous urethra

Short section of male urethra in the pelvic floor.

Spongy urethra

Long part of the male urethra in the penis.

External urethral orifice

Opening where urine leaves the body.

External urethral sphincter

Voluntary muscle that lets you control when to pee.

Internal urethral sphincter

Involuntary muscle at the start of the urethra.

Major calyx

Larger chamber that collects urine from smaller calyces.

Peritoneum

Thin membrane lining the abdominal cavity and organs.

Retroperitoneal

Located behind the peritoneum (e.g., kidneys, ureters).

Upper respiratory tract

Includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

Nose

Includes root, bridge, apex, and alae.

Root

Top part between eyes.

Bridge

Upper bony part.

Apex

Tip of the nose.

Alae

Outer sides of the nostrils.

Anterior nares

Openings where air enters the nose.

Posterior naris

Internal openings from nose to throat (nasopharynx).

Nasal bones

Small bones that form the bridge of the nose.

Nasal cavity

Inside space of the nose; warms, moistens, and filters air.

Nasal conchae

Curved bones that increase surface area inside the nose.

Nasal meatus

Passages under each concha.

Nasal septum

Wall that divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides.

Nasal crest

Ridge where the nasal septum attaches.

Olfactory mucosa

Area with smell receptors.

Olfactory neurons

Nerve cells that detect smells.

Cribriform plate

Bone with holes for smell nerves to pass through.

Frontal sinus

Air-filled spaces in the frontal bone.

Sphenoid sinus

Air-filled spaces in the sphenoid bone.

Ethmoid bone

Bone forming part of the nasal cavity and eye socket.

Maxillary bone

Forms the upper jaw and part of the nasal cavity.

Palatine bone

Bone forming part of the hard palate and nasal cavity.

Oral cavity

The mouth.

Pharynx

Throat; shared path for food and air.

Nasopharynx

Upper part of the pharynx behind the nose.

Oropharynx

Middle part of the pharynx behind the mouth.

Laryngopharynx

Lower part of the pharynx before it splits into the esophagus and larynx.

Pharyngeal tonsil

Tonsil in the nasopharynx.

Palatine tonsil

Tonsils on each side of the throat.

Lingual tonsil

Tonsil at the base of the tongue.

Pharyngotympanic tube opening

Connects the middle ear to the throat.

Soft palate

Soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth.

Uvula

Hangs down from the soft palate; helps close off the nose when swallowing.

Larynx

Voice box; passageway for air and sound production.

Thyroid cartilage

Largest cartilage of the larynx; forms the Adam's apple.

Cricoid cartilage

Ring-shaped cartilage below the thyroid cartilage.

Epiglottis

Flap that covers the airway during swallowing.

Vocal cord/fold

Tissue bands that vibrate to make sound.

Lower respiratory tract

Includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Trachea

Windpipe; connects larynx to lungs.

Tracheal cartilage

C-shaped rings that keep the trachea open.