Biology- Chapter 2: Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Features of endoplasmic reticulum?

Network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs (cisternae)

Connected to outer membrane of nucleus

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum and its function?

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum

Function: Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage ; drug detoxification

What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum and its function?

Is part of the endoplasmic reticulum ; ribosomes bound to its surface

Function: Synthesises and transports proteins

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of fibres present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

What are microfilaments and what is its function?

Part of the cytoskeleton - are contractile fibres made of actin

Function: Responsible for cell movement & cell contraction during cytokinesis

What are microtubules and what is its function?

Part of cytoskeleton - are globular proteins that polymerise to form tubes)

Function: Determines shape of cells, acts as tracks for cell movement

Is what spindle fibres are made of

What are intermediate fibres/filaments and what is its function?

Part of the cytoskeleton

Function: Gives mechanical strength to cells, helps to maintain integrity

Features of vesicles and its function?

Consists of a single membrane filled with fluid

Function: Transport substances inside the cell

Features of nucleolus and its function?

Feature: Centre of nucleus

Made of proteins and RNA

Function: To produce rRNA to make ribosomes for protein synthesis

Features of Lysosomes and its function?

Feature: Specialised forms of vesicles

Fluid contains lots of hydrolytic enzymes

Function: Breaks down waste material in cells , & pathogens when ingested by phagocytic cells

Helps with apoptosis

Nucleus' features and functions

Feature: Contains DNA

Function: Directs synthesis of protein, so controls metabolic activities

Feature: DNA contained within double membrane aka nuclear envelope

Feature: Nuclear pores with N.E.

Function: Allows mRNA out and nucleotides in

Mitochondria's features and functions

Feature: Highly folded inner membrane (CRISTAE), contains enzymes used in aerobic resp.

Function: In cristae final stages of aerobic resp. occurs

Feature: Fluid interior (MATRIX)

Function: Contains mtDNA which can produce more enzymes & reproduce themselves

Centrioles' features and functions

Feature: Made of microtubules ; 2 associated centrioles form centrosome

Function: Makes and organizes spindle fibers in cell division

Function: W. structures like flagella and cilia, determine positioning of them

Flagella's features and functions

Feature: Long, few & protrude from some cell types, whip-like

Function: Causes cell movement

Function: Used as a sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in cell's environment (some cells)

Cilia features and functions

Feature: Short & many

Function: Stationary - have important function in sensory organs

Feature: Contain 2 central microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules (9+2 wheel arrangement)

Function: Mobile - beat rhythmically (pairs of parallel microtubules slide over each other, cilia move)

Ribosome's feature and function

Feature: Made of 2 subunits of RNA

Function: Where peptide chains are synthesized (proteins)

Golgi apparatus features and function

Feature: Network of flattened membranes (cisternae)

Function: Modifies proteins & packages them in vesicles for transport

Feature: Doesn't contain ribosomes

What type of vesicles will the G.A. package the modified protein in?

Secretory if leaving

Lysosomes to stay

Plasma membrane

Feature: Phospholipid bilayer w. proteins, cholesterol and carb chains

Function: Protein and carb chains act as receptors in cell signaling

Feature: Create a partially impermeable membrane

Function: keeps useful things in & waste out

Function: Compartmentalization

Function: Allows metabolic reactions to occur