Microbiomes

Legumes

________ and some other plants form partnerships with soil bacteria that provide fixed nitrogen.

Termites

________ use specific behaviors to transfer microbes needed to break down plant materials into food.

Chemical signals

________ produced by the host act on particular microbes that serve as information hubs, transmitting information to the broader microbial community.

Bacterial species

________ may attach themselves to algal cell walls by secreting mucilage to form a biofilm.

Meta metabolome

________: collections of information about all the types and abundances of molecules produced by metabolism of the organisms in a microbiome.

Certain fungal hyphae

________ are important components of plant microbiomes because they absorb minerals from the soil and transport them to plant roots.

Ectomycorrhizae

________: fungal hyphae coat tree- root surfaces and grow into the spaces between roots cells, but do not penetrate the cell membrane.

Endomycorrhizae

________: fungal hyphae penetrate space between root cell walls and plasma membrane, forming highly branched, bushy arbuscules that the plasma membranes expand around.

Metagenome

________: the genomes of all the organisms present in a sample.

WMS

________ and amplicon analysis indicate what genes are present in the microbiome.

Fungi

________ also function as hosts, most conspicuously for microbiomes known as lichens.

Micromes

________: millions of species of archaea, bacteria, protists, and fungi that play important ecological roles worldwide.

Fungal hyphae

________ extend farther into soil than the plants roots.

water safety

Drinking ________ and agricultural production are affected by microbiomes.

Amplicon analysis

________: typically focuses on amplification of a particular gene from a selected group of species.

Biomes

________: major types of habitat characterized by distinctive life forms.

Metaproteome

________: all the proteins produced by the members of a microbiome.

Photosynthetic host

________ provides living space, oxygen, and organic materials.

rDNA

Differences in ________ can be used to identify and classify the microbes present in a microbiome.

Holobiont

________: combination of host organism and its microbiome.

Microbiomes

________: a particular assemblage of microbes and genes that occurs in a defined environment.

Biologists

________ typically use genetic differences to distinguish and identify microbial species and genes present in a complex microbiome.

Algae likewise

________ provide a photosynthetic host for a heterotrophic microbes.

prokaryotic species

16S rRNA sequences: commonly used to identify ________.

Metatranscriptome

________: collection of all the mRNAs present in an environmental sample.

Biofilms

________ on teeth known as plaque are detrimental to dental health.

Lichens

________ with nitrogen- fixing cyanobacterial partners can increase soil fertility.

physical systems

Some microbiomes are found within ________.

Hologenome

________: The host and microbiome genomes together.

Nitrogen fixation

________: look for marker genes for enzymes essential for reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to form ammonia.

Fungal partners

________ are known as AM fungi.

guts of tunicates

Bacteria in the ________ produce defensive molecules and are potential sources of antibiotics that control disease- causing microbes without harming the animal host.

Microbiome engineering

________: manipulating the composition of a microbiome to improve host characteristics.

Reference sequences

________: come from microbes whose names and metabolic functions are already known.

rRNA

18S ________: used to identify and classify eukaryotic microbiome components.

Newborn bees

________ get microbiomes from sibling worker bees.

Metabolite production

________: some microbes produce specific compounds as a result of metabolic pathways.

Plant seedlings

________ acquire microbiomes from surrounding soil and air, but they also use inherited mechanisms, often secretion of particular organic compounds, to attract beneficial microbes.

ribosomes

All living things produce proteins using ________.

Lichens acids

________ help tp break up the surfaces of rocks, beginning to process of soil formation.

human microbiome

The ________ is estimated to have a few million genes.

Host genetics

________ and environment are important for the types of microbiomes acquired by the host.

Animal microbiomes

________ contain viruses, archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists, and microscopic animals.

WMS

________ shows that the microbiome bacteria synthesize vitamin B₁₂, which the cyanobacterial host requires but can not produce itself.

bacterial species

Gut ________ in termites allow recycling of plant biomass.

Fungal partners

________ are frequently basidiomycetes.

Lichens

________ often grow on rocks, buildings, tombstones, tree bark, soil, or other surfaces that easily become dry.

Microbiomes

________ contribute many more genomes to the hologenome than their hosts.

WMS

________: can be used to assemble entire microbe genome sequences or even identify both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species in a microbiome.

lichens

Traditionally, ________ were regarding as symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a photosynthetic algal or cyanobacterial species.

Micromes

millions of species of archaea, bacteria, protists, and fungi that play important ecological roles worldwide

Biomes

major types of habitat characterized by distinctive life forms

Microbiomes

a particular assemblage of microbes and genes that occurs in a defined environment

rDNA

genomes that encode rRNA

Amplicons

copied rDNA regions

16S rRNA sequences

commonly used to identify prokaryotic species

18S rRNA

used to identify and classify eukaryotic microbiome components

Reference sequences

come from microbes whose names and metabolic functions are already known

Metagenome

the genomes of all the organisms present in a sample

WMS

can be used to assemble entire microbe genome sequences or even identify both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species in a microbiome

Amplicon analysis

typically focuses on amplification of a particular gene from a selected group of species

Nitrogen fixation

look for marker genes for enzymes essential for reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to form ammonia

Methane oxidation

the enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO) uses oxygen gas to oxidize the greenhouse gas methane

Metabolite production

some microbes produce specific compounds as a result of metabolic pathways

Metatranscriptome

collection of all the mRNAs present in an environmental sample

Metaproteome

all the proteins produced by the members of a microbiome

Meta-metabolome

collections of information about all the types and abundances of molecules produced by metabolism of the organisms in a microbiome

Holobiont

combination of host organism and its microbiome

Hologenome

The host and microbiome genomes together

Benefit to fungi

access to photosynthetic products

Endomycorrhizae

fungal hyphae penetrate space between root cell walls and plasma membrane, forming highly branched, bushy arbuscules that the plasma membranes expand around

Ectomycorrhizae

fungal hyphae coat tree-root surfaces and grow into the spaces between roots cells, but do not penetrate the cell membrane

Microbiome engineering

manipulating the composition of a microbiome to improve host characteristics