Abdominal Vessels Lecture Review

A set of 36 practice flashcards regarding regional abdominal anatomy, specifically focusing on major vessels, their origins, and clinical correlations as discussed in the lecture notes.

What percentages of blood supply to the liver are provided by the hepatic artery and the portal vein?

The hepatic artery (proper) supplies $25\%$ and the portal vein supplies $75\%$ of total liver blood flow.

Which two vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein?

The splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein.

At what vertebral level and anatomical plane is the portal vein formed?

It is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas at the level of $L1$ in the transpyloric plane of Addison.

What is the normal pressure range for the portal vein?

Approximately $5-7\,mmHg$.

What is the diagnostic threshold for portal hypertension using the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG)?

Portal hypertension is diagnosed if the pressure difference is greater than $5\,mmHg$.

How is the caudate lobe of the liver unique in its venous drainage?

It often has direct connection to the inferior vena cava (IVC) through separate branches of the hepatic veins.

What is the anatomical arrangement of structures in the porta hepatis from anterior to posterior?

The common bile duct is most anterior and lateral, the hepatic artery is medial to the duct, and the portal vein is located posteriorly.

Where does the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) usually drain?

The IMV usually drains into the splenic vein.

What are the three main branches of the coeliac trunk?

The left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries.

At what vertebral level does the coeliac trunk arise from the abdominal aorta?

It arises from the anterior surface at the level of $T12$.

Which vessels are the first arterial branches arising from the abdominal aorta after it enters the abdomen?

The inferior phrenic arteries.

What are the paired branches arising from the aorta at the level of $L1-L2$, inferior to the superior mesenteric artery?

The renal arteries.

Which embryonic structures are supplied by the coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)?

The coeliac trunk supplies the foregut, the SMA supplies the mid-gut, and the IMA supplies the hindgut.

What provides the blood supply to the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum (D1)?

The gastroduodenal artery, which passes posterior to D1.

From which structure does the uterine artery originate?

The anterior division of the internal iliac artery.

What is the anatomical relationship between the uterine artery and the ureter?

The uterine artery crosses above and in front of the ureter.

Why are the veins of the internal vertebral venous (Batson's) plexus clinically significant?

They are valveless and can serve as a route for the spread of metastases, such as from prostatic cancer.

What is the course of the right renal artery relative to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

It passes posterior to the IVC.

At what level do the gonadal vessels (testicular or ovarian) originate from the abdominal aorta?

At the level of the $L2$ vertebra.

Which terminal branch of the superior mesenteric artery supplies the ileum, caecum, and appendix?

The ileocolic artery.

What is Pringle's manoeuvre?

A technique to achieve haemostasis by manually compressing the hepatoduodenal ligament, occluding the hepatic artery and portal vein.

Which vessel supplies the GI tract from the distal third of the transverse colon to the upper third of the rectum?

The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).

What is the relationship between the femoral artery and the femoral vein in the adductor canal?

The femoral artery is anterior to the femoral vein.

The superficial oesophageal veins drain the lower third of the oesophagus into which portal tributary?

The left gastric vein.

Which artery is usually the source of haemorrhage in a deep ulcer in the posterior wall of the gastric body?

The splenic artery.

Which three structures are carried within the lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament?

The splenic artery, the splenic vein, and the tail of the pancreas.

At what vertebral level is the inferior vena cava (IVC) formed?

At the level of $L5$ by the confluence of the common iliac veins.

What is the anatomical relationship between the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the third part of the duodenum?

The IVC passes posterior to the third part of the duodenum.

Which structures form the anterior and posterior boundaries of the epiploic foramen of Winslow?

The portal vein forms the anterior boundary and the inferior vena cava (IVC) forms the posterior boundary.

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?

At the level of $L4$.

Where does the left renal vein pass in relation to the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)?

It passes in front of the aorta and inferior to the origin of the SMA.

What is Nutcracker syndrome?

The compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the aorta.

In which ligament are the short gastric arteries found?

The gastrosplenic ligament.

What is the specific arterial supply to the gallbladder and its origin?

The cystic artery, which is typically a branch of the right hepatic artery.

At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava (IVC) pass through the diaphragm?

At the level of $T8$ through the caval hiatus.

What are the three components of the triad known as Leriche syndrome?

Impotence, buttock claudication, and absent or weak femoral pulses.